Unit 1 - AP Psychology

Socrates

"Know thyself", self examination, introspection

Plato

Part of Nature - Ideas such as the good and beauty are INBORN.

Aristotle

Human behavior is subject to certain rules and law

Rene Descartes

Dualism - the mind and body are separate entities that interact

Francis Bacon

Experimental method

John Locke

Tabula Rosa - mind is a blank slate written on by experiences

Wilhem Wundt

Father of Modern Psychology - FIRST structuralist

Stanley Hall

mental growth proceeds by evolutionary stages, focused on human life development and evolution history

William James

Developed functionalism, wrote Principles of Psychology

Mary Calkins

Memory researcgher/first female president of the APA
Denied a Harvard PhD because of her gender.

Washburn

SECOND female president of the APA
Wrote the ANIMAL MUD
Banned experimental psychology organization because of her gender.

Ivan Pavlov

Known for testing conditioned reflex
Associations between stimulus.

Sigmund Freud

Founded psychoanalysis.
Studied and helped those with mental disorders
His school of study/treatment focused on wishes, needs, unconsious drives, and emphasized the importance of childhood experiences.

Jean Piaget

Children move through 4 different stages of learning
Theory of cognitive development.

Watson

classical conditioning

Rosalie Rayner

Research psychologist
Focused on behaviorism/emotional conditioning

B.F Skinner

Operant conditioning to teach pigeons to do amazing things to get rewards
Wrote about how human communities could be shaped by this method.

Carl Rodgers

HUMANIST
Looked at people who actually THRIVED
developed theories/treatments to help people feel accepted and reach their full potential.

Abraham Maslow

Humanistic psychologist known for his "Hierarchy of Needs" and the concept of "self-actualization"

Empiricism

knowledge that comes from EXPERIENCE and through OBSERVATION. It enables scientific knowledge

Structuralism

Used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind.

Introspection

When one looks inward to observe psychological process.

Functionalism

How mental and behavioral process function to enable the organism to adapt and survive.

Behaviorism

Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. Psychology as an OBJECTIVE science and NOT related to mental processes.

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

Cognitive Psychology

the study of mental processes, such as occur when we perceive, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems. (THINK, LEARN, and REMEMBER)

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to THRIVE

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

behavioral

scientific study of OBSERVABLE behavior and the explanation by LEARNING.

Biological

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes

Psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. focuses on the psychological roots of emotional suffering.

Testing affect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

SQR

study method (survey, question, read, retrieve, and review) 5.

Psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. Used MATH to design, analyze, update surveys and results of research programs.

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

educational psychology

influences on teaching and learning

personality psychology

study of investigating PERSISTENT traits

social psychology

explain how we VIEW and AFFECT one another

applied research

research undertaken to solve practical problems

industrial-organizational psychology

a subfield of psychology that studies and advises on workplace behavior. help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them

human factors psychology

an I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

counseling psychology

assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being. (school, work, family, etc.)

clinical psychologists

studies, assesses, and TREATS people with psychological DISORDERS

community psychologist

studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I knew it all along)

Theory

explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed

Operational Definitions

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

case study

an observation technique in which one person is studied in DEPTH in the hope of revealing universal principles/TRUTH.

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations WITHOUT trying/CHANGING to manipulate and control the situation.

sampling bias

A problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn. It is used to GENERALIZE

random sample

FAIRLY represents EVERYONE to participate. equal chance

Correlation

2 Factors that VARY or PREDICT the other

Correlation Coefficient

Index of relationships between 2 things. Ex. +1.00 or -1.00

illusory correlation

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

regression toward the mean

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to FALL back toward their average.

experimental group

the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Control group

Group NOT exposed to the experiment

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

double-blind procedure

research participants/staff are BOTH ignorant.

placebo effect

experimental results caused by EXPECTATIONS ALONE.

confounding variable

a factor other than the one being studied which influences the results.

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

informed consent

giving participants enough info about a study or give them a choice.

descriptive statistics

to measure/describe characteristics of the group under study

Histogram

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

skewed

lacks symmetry around average

standard deviation

how much scores vary around the mean

normal curve

BELL SHAPED curve.

inferential statistics

numerical data that allow one to GENERALIZE- to infer from sample data the probability of something being RELIABLE. VALIDITY

statistical significance

statement of how likely a result occured by chance.

Amazing Randi

The magician James Randi exemplifies skepticism. He has tested and debunked a variety of psychic phenomena.

3 scientific attitudes

curiosity, skepticism, humility

Schools of thought

structuralism, behaviorism, functionalism

Cognitive Revolution

The shift away from strict behaviorism, how our mind proccesses and retains info

Nature - Nurture issue

The biggest issue in psychology

Psychohistory

The study of people's historical motivations

What makes up biological?

genetic traits, mutations, genes responding, and natural selection

what makes up psychological

learned fears/expectations, emotional, cognition

What makes up social-cultural?

presence of others, peer influences, EXPECTATIONS and media

biological scientists

explore the links between teh BODY and MIND>

clinical, community, and counseling psychologists are part of the

HELPING professions

Health psychologists

design and evaluate programs that prevent diseases. assesses biological factors

Hindsight bias can give

one group actual findings and the other an opposite results.

Overconfidence

the tendency to be more confident than correct

A good theory produces

testable predictions (hypotheses)

Theories can

bias our observations

experimental methods

manipulats variables to discover their effects

Unrepresented cases

lead to mistajeb judgements and false conclusions

naturalistic observations does...

NOT explain behavior but RATHER DESCRIBES it.

In correlational and descriptive research methods,

NO variables are manipulated

APA and BPA

LAW that requires to minimize discomfort in experiments

Less variable observations are

more reliable than those that are more variable

More cases

are better than fewer

Getsalt psychology

whole is different than the sum of its parts. Gestalt psychology looks at the mind and behavior as a whole.

experiment (cons)

could have potential ethical issues and people know can know they're being tested

correlational studies (con)

cannot be tested for cause and effect

Survey Research (Pros)

cost effective, and MOST reliable

Survey Research (Cons)

1) low response rates (2) can't verify the accuracy of an individual's response