Hazards - Earth and Environmental science

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Geology

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60 Terms

1

what are earthquakes?

a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action.

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2

what are volcanoes?

an opening in the Earth's crust through which lava, ash, and gases erupt

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3

what is a tsunami?

a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance

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4

what is built up in the crust that causes an earthquake?

continual elastic energy

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5

what faults are caused at transform boundaries?

strike-slip faults

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6

what is the richter scale?

a logarithmic measure of the strength of earthquakes

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7

what are the 2 scales used to measure magnitude?

richter scale and moment magnitude scale (Mw)

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8

what are the 3 types of seismic waves?

primary, secondary, and surface (love and rayleigh)

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9

what direction do p waves move?

back and forth in the direction of the path of propagation

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10

what direction do s waves move?

move back and forth perpendicular to the direction of propagation

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11

what direction do love waves move?

move parallel to the Earth's surface and perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation

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12

what direction do rayleigh waves move?

move in an elliptical motion, producing both a vertical and horizontal component of motion in the direction of wave propagation

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13

what are the 6 hazards related to earthquakes?

ground motion, liquefaction, landslides, fire, floods, tsunamis

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14

why are deep submarine volcanoes always effusive?

water pressure

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15

what viscosity is seen in effusive volcanoes?

low viscosity

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16

what are the 5 hazards of volcanoes?

ash flow, lava flow, pyroclastic flow, lahars, poisonous gas

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17

what are pyroclastic flows?

explosive columns of volcanic debris, ash and hot gases create fast flows of extremely high temperatures

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18

what are lahars?

mixture of volcanic material and water that forms a mudflow

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19

example of ash flow

Eruption at Mount St Helens (1980)

  • Collapse of one flank of the volcano that left the north of the volcano devastated

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20

example of lava flow

Kilauea (2022)

  • 111 million cubic meters of lava flow

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21

pyroclastic flow

Mont Pelee in Martinique (1902)

  • Demolished the coastal city of St. Pierre

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22

lahar

Eruption at Mount St Helens (1980)

  • Icy melt water merged with ash, causing a lahar

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23

what is an effusive eruption?

an eruption wher lava steadily flows out of a flow

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24

what is an explosive eruption?

build up of pressure that results in an explosion of gas, ash and magma releasing projectile, particulate matter

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25

what determines magma type?

→ plate boundary type

→ pressure levels

→ temperature

→ minerals present in rock

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26

what is a hazard?

a potential source of harm

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27

what is a disaster?

a serious problem that causes wide spread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to come using their own resources

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28

what are the most important factors in determining if a hazard is a disaster?

population density and the built environment of a disaster zone

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29

what is the Wadati–Benioff zone?

a planar zone of seismicity corresponding with the down-going slab in a subduction zone

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30

what does the VEI measure?

volume of the erupted pyroclastic material called tephra

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31

what gases are related to asphyxiation?

carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

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32

what layers of the atmosphere can ash enter?

stratosphere and sometimes troposphere

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33

what chemicals from explosive volcanoes break down ozone?

chlorine and fluoride

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34

what does sulphur dioxide form when it mixes with water?

sulphuric acid

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35

what does frozen sulphuric acid become?

sulphate aerosols

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36

what is radiative forcing?

the difference between the amount of energy from the Sun radiating to Earth and the amount radiated back into space

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37

how long can a negative radiative forcing last after an eruption?

2-3 years

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38

what plates, vei and year was mount st helens

north american/juan de fuca (subduction), vei 5, 1980

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39

how much did mount st helens cost?

$1.1 billion US dollars

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40

what plates, vei and year was mount pinatubo

eurasian/philippine plate, vei 6, 1991

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41

how much did mount pinatubo cost?

$250 million in damages

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42

what climatic phenomena + their impact on a local area do we need to know?

hail, east coast low, droughts, floods, bushfires

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43

what climatic phenomena do human behaviours contribute to?

droughts, floods, bushfires, landslides

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44

what causes drought?

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

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45

what is the location example of droughts?

The Macquarie Marshes in Northwestern NSW

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46

what causes flooding?

la nina, negative indian ocean dipole event

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47

what is the location example of flooding?

murray-darling basin

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48

what is the location example of hailstorms?

Northern Rivers district in New South Wales

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49

what causes an east coast low?

a temperature contrast between the warmer Tasman Sea and cooler continental landmass

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50

what is the location example of east coast lows?

northern beaches of sydney

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51

what is the location example of bushfires?

blue mountains national park

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52

how are volcanoes predicted?

  • three-dimensional imaging

  • seismic data

  • early-warning systems

  • groundmovement data

  • analysis of historical data

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53

what technologies fall under three-dimensional imaging?

  • tiltmeters

  • strain meters

  • GPS

  • InSAR

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54

what does InSAR stand for

interferometric synthetic aperture radar

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55

what technologies fall under seismic data?

seismographs, tomographs

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56

what technologies fall under gas monitoring?

correlation spectrometer (COSPEC)

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57

what location examples fall under gas monitoring?

Mount Etna (Italy),

Sakurajima (Japan)

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58

what location examples fall under historical data?

meep

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59

how are earthquakes predicted?

  • ground movement detectors

  • anomalous animal behaviour

  • strain meters

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60

what technologies fall under ground movement detectors:

seismographs, GPS

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