biology 113 exam 2

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histone proteins, ribosome proteins, rna polymerase

evidence that a common lineage between archaeans and eukaryotes

methonagens

produce large amounts of methane

halophile

high salt

acidophile

low ph/high acidity

hyperthermophiles

hot temperatures

spirochetes

free living, internal flagella and spins

chlamydias

steal atp, have to be inside the cell

proteobacteria

oldest cells, samonella, ecoli

cyanobacteria

photosynthesis, most abundant

horizontal gene transfer

direct movement of genes from one organism to another

result of horizontal gene transfer

increase in genetic diversity, endosymbiosis

an example of endosymbiosis

when an entire cell is incorporated into another cell, how mitochondria came to be

thylakoids

folding used to create more usable membrane

magnetosomes

small magnetic crystals that work like a compass to find low oxygen enviornments

gas vesicles

used to control buoyancy

cocci

spheres

bacilli

rods

vibrios

comma shaped

spirochaetes

spiral-shaped flexible

spirilli

spiral shaped rigid

glycocaylx

slimy mucilage made of polysaccharides or protein

uses of glycocalyx

to hold colony together, to evade defenses of any host organisms

peptidoglycan

what bacterial cell walls are constructed of

gram positive cells

purple in color, vulnerable to penicillin, thick peptidoglycan layer

gram negative cells

pink color, resistant to penicillin, has a thin outer envelope

display taxis

movement towards or away from a stimulus

binary fission

produces two genetically identical cells

transformation

cell takes dna from enviornment

conjugation

cells directly swap dna

transduction

dna is injected into the cell

akinetes

found in filamentous cyanobacteria and are produced to survive in the winter

endospores

dormant cells surrounded by a thick protein coat that can survive for a long time

photoautotroph

use energyfrom sunlight to make own organic molecules

chemoautotroph

use energy from inorganic compounds to make organic molecules

photoheterotroph

use energy from sunlight to make atp but take in organic molecules from their environment

chemoorganotroph

must obtain organic molecules for energy and carbon

obligate aerobes

require oxygen

obligate anaerobes

cannot tolerate oxygen

facultative anaerobes

can use oxygen or not

aerotolerant anaerobes

do not use oxygen but can tolerate it

diazotrophs

bacteria capable of fixing nitrogen

symbiotic

living in close proximity with one or more organisms

pathogen

parasitic bacteria that cause disease in the host

protist

eukaryotic organism that does not qualify as an animal, plant or fungi

plankton

protists that swim or float

periphyton

protists that are attached by mucilage to aquatic surfaces

flagellates

move using flagella

ciliates

move using cilia

amoebae

move using pseudopods

supergroup excavata

named from the excavated feeding groove on the side

eugelnozoans

contain a strong flagella and protein strips under their membrane for crawling

kinetoplastids

a cluster of dna found at the base of their flagella

metamonads

parasitic, possess multiple nuclei and highly modified mitochondria

chlorophyta

ancestors of modern land plants, photosynthetic

rhodophyta

red photosynthetic pigments

plastids

photosynthetic organells believed to be the result of endosymbiosis

supergroup alveolata

saclike membranous vesicles

ciliphora

numerous cilia at some point in life cycle

apicomplexa

group of organelles used for invading host cells

dinozoa

possess whirling flagella

supergroup stramenopila

named for small hairs found on their flagella

diatoms

contain silicon-based glassy walls

brown algae

plant like structure, not direct ancestors of land plants

supergroup rhizaria

project thin-hairlike filose pseudopods for feeding

radiolarians

contain radial pseudopods

foraminiferans

contain a hard calcium carbonate shell

supergroup ameobozoa

move using large pseudopods

supergroup opisthokonta

single posterior flagellum found on swimming cells (sperm)

phagotrophic heterotrophs

ingest particles of food

osmotrophic heterotrophs

take in small organic molecules

mixotroph

organism that can be heterotrophic or autotrophic depending on their surroundings

accessory pigments

used to trap light and transfer it to chlorophyll

trichocysts

pointed projectiles

bioluminescence

startles predators

toxins

inhibits animal physiology

zygotic life cycle

species has two mating strains that use gamets to produce a thick walled zygote

sporic life cycle

haploid gametophyte produces gametes and diploid sporophyte produces spores by meiosis

gametic life cycle

all cells except gamets are diploid

cilliate life cycle

have two types of nuclei that swap via conjugation

parasitic life cycle

typicallly use more than one host, in which different life stages occur

nuclearia

the amoeba that fungi originated from

absorptive nutrition

how fungi digest their food, secreate enzymes to digest their food extracellularly and absorb organic molecules

chitin

what fungi cell walls are made up of

mycelium

network of fibers that connect fungi

hyphae

individual fiber that connects fungi

fruiting body

visible reproductive structure that arises from sexual reproduction and produces spores

aseptate

cells that comprise of hyphae that are not separated by walls

septate

walls that separate nuclei

pros of aseptate

nutrient transport is easier

cons of aseptate

damage affects the entire hyphae

structure and function of hyphae

high surface area allows for more absorbance

spores

microscopic reproductive ways that fungi reproduce

benefits of asexual reproduction in fungi

rapid spread, no mate, no meiosis, no fruitbody

conidia

clusters of asexual spores at the end of hyphae

dikaryotic

gamete cytoplasms fuse but not their nuclei

haploid fungi

majority of fungal life cycle

cryptomycota

single celled fungi found in water and soil

chytridiomycota

have a rigid chitin cell wall, most are decomposers, some are parasites

mucoromycota

aseptate mycelium with distinctive reproductive structure called zygospore

ascomycota

contain unique saclike sporangia on fruiting bodies called asci