AP HUG content quiz 1-3 & 1-4

1-3, 1-4 (Rubenstein)+ PG 41-47 (Kaplan)+ Latin Roots

Situation

Situation

The locations of a place in relation to other places

Cultural Landscape

How does culture impact landscape (Visible imprint of human activity on the landscape)

Sense of place

A combo of characteristics which make a place unique and may cause people to be attracted to that location

Placelessness

When a location has no unique characteristics and could be found anywhere

Region

Area distinguished by a combo of trends or features

Formal (Uniform) Region

One UNIFORM characteristic found within it (EX - USA)

Functional (Nodal) Region

The closer you are to the NODE the more likely it is to be part of a region (EX - SCHOOL DISTRICTS )

Vernacular (Perceptual) Region

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. Emerge from one's informal sense of place rather than a scientific model. Does not have official borders (EX - MIDWEST or THE SOUTH)

Globalization

The increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world. It provides an opportunity to diffuse ideas. (SCALE OF WORLD SHRINKS)

Local Scale

Groups of people preserve cultural characteristics

Uniform Global Landscapes

Fast food restaurants or service stations create a visual appearance that is always similar so customers know what to expect

More people became aware of elements in global culture and aspire to possess them so…

Less practice of own beliefs, forms, traits and more

Transnational corporation

Conducts research , operates factories and sells products in many countries

Distribution

Arrangement of a feature in space

3 main properties of features/characteristics of spatial distribution

Density, Concentration, Pattern

Density

The frequency with which something happens in space- how many-(Two neighborhood would have the same density if they have they same number of houses)

Concentration

The extent of a features spread over space. It is used to describe changes in distribution

• Clustered: objects are close together

• Dispersed: objects are relatively far apart

1. neighborhood one has twelve house all in one corner - clustered

2. neighborhood two has twelve houses that are distributed all around - dispersed

Pattern

The arrangement of objects on Earth’s surface in relation to other objects. Refers to distribution and how objects are spaced. Some objects are distributed geometrically and some irregularly.

• Linear patterns - along straight lines like rivers or roads

• Clustered patterns - concentrated in a specific area

• Dispersed patterns - spread out over a large area

• Random patterns - no observable pattern

• Centralized patterns - focused around a central point

• Peripheral patterns - located on the outskirts of a central area

Hearth

The point of origin or place of innovation

Electronic communication helps… however it is not…

Remove barriers - Evenly distributed

Geographers take a range of approaches to cultural identity and space such as…

• Poststructuralist geography

• Humanistic geography

• Behavioral geography

Poststructuralist Geography

Examines how the powerful in a society dominate or seek to control, less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space, and confrontations that result from the domination.

Humanistic geography

Emphasizes the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings.

Behavioral geography

Emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space (why people make certain decisions or behave a certain way in certain places)

Uneven development

When some countries develop better than others

Patterns can vary in countries because

People sort themselves according to gender, ethnicity, and sexuality - People go where they feel most comfortable

Society creates masc. and fem. identities. This leads to…

Stereotypes of beliefs and attitudes

Socialization

Gender norms are passed from gen to gen

Gender equality

Refers to equal chances or opportunities for females to access and control social etc

Gender equity

Refers to different needs, preferences, and interests of woman and men

Gender inequality

Disparities and biases that exist between men and women in various aspects of society

Gender equality gap is large in… and small in…

• Large gap - Southwest Asia and North Africa

• Small gap - Parts of Europe and Canada

Cultural identity

Race, ethnicity, sex, age, class

Some people move to different places they believe are… because of different reasons

Safe

Spatial interaction

The flow of info, products, and human beings from one location to another (international trade)

Distribution of ethnicities in USA varies depending on many things - give EX of places where different ethnicities are clustered

• African Americans - Southeast

• Hispanics - Southwest

Ethnic identity VS Racial identity

• Racial Identity - defined according to physiological characteristics such as skin color, blood type, hair texture, etc

• Ethnic Identity - defined according to common origins with ties to culture, religion, language, or nationality

Diffusion

The process by which a feature spreads across space from one place to another over time

Expansion diffusion (Includes contagious, hierarchical, and stimulus diffusion)

Idea spreads from a central point outwards

Relocation diffusion

People physically moving and bringing their ideas to new places (like immigrants introducing their cuisine to a new country).

Contagious diffusion

Spreads rapidly through direct contact with people, like a disease, affecting nearby individuals first.

Hierarchical diffusion

Spreads from people or places of power or influence to others in a leveled pattern, like fashion trends from celebrities.

Stimulus diffusion

An idea is adopted but modified to fit the new context, like a restaurant changing the spices of their food according to local taste.

Time-distance decay

Contact diminishes as distance grows and it eventually disappears (much less severe now because connections take less time)

Space time compression

Reduction in the amount of time it takes for something to reach another place

What has been affected

• Communication

• Transportation

• Shipments

• Trade

• Money

Network

Chain of communications that connects places

Connections between cultural groups can result in,

Assimilation, Acculturation, Syncretism

Assimilation

Process by which a groups cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group. The cultural features of one group may come to dominate those of the assimilated group

Acculturation

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups. Both groups may be changed but they still have their distinct cultural features.

Syncretism

Combining of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature. They can together form a new culture

Spatial

How something is laid out on Earth’s surface

Spatial perspective

Ability to identify, explain, and predict patterns in space

When asked to analyze a map from a spatial perspective talk about…

How things are arranged in space (Density, Concentration, Patterns)

Spatial Distribution

The arrangement of features on Earth’s surface (how it’s laid out on earth)

Large scale

Map with larger details could be city because they are generally maps of smaller things

• 1 in / 10 mi

Small scale

Map with less detail could be a map of the world because they are maps of larger things

• 1 in / 100 mi

Scale

How much of a map you see. Can be described as local(state), regional, national, and global

Scale Analysis

At what level are you analyzing the data (what appears to be different and what are you comparing to one another). Can be described as local(state), regional, national, and global

Resource

Substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use.

Sustainability

Use of earth’s resources in a way that ensures their availability in the future (requires diminishing the use of nonrenewable resources to the point where it can be supplied indefinitely)

Renewable resource

Produced in nature more rapidly than is consumed

Non renewable resource

Produced in nature more slowly than is consumed (petroleum, gas, coal)

3 pillars of sustainability

Environment, Social, Economic

Environment Pillar

Conservation + Preservation

Conservation VS Preservation

Conservation is diminishing use of a resource while Preservation is not using it at all

Social Pillar

Sustainable development where everyone has access to basic needs like food clothing or shelter. Obtained from resources.

Economic resources

The practice of promoting long-term economic growth with also considering social equity and environmental conservation, ensuring that economic activities do not deplete resources.

Biotic

Living organisms the Biosphere is biotic .

Abiotic

Nonliving inorganic matter. Includes the Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere.

Atmosphere

• Layer of gas surrounding Earth

• Gas held to Earth by gravity which creates pressure

• Variations in air pressure from one location to another are responsible for producing weather

• Climate: long term average weather

Vladimir Köppen system (5 main climate regions)

A: Tropical climate

B: Dry climate

C: Warmmid-latittude climate

D: Coldmid-latittude climate

E: Polar climates

BASIS FOR SUBDIVISION

Precip: A, C, D, E

Temp + Precip: B

Hydrosphere

• Oceans supply atmosphere with water vapor which comes back down as rain

• In Tropical climates the monsoon season is much awaited because it is a essential part of agriculture

• Monsoon season is so important to life that without it famine threatens places

Lithosphere

• Powerful forces inside Earth break and bend crust to form land or water forms

• Flat land preferred

• Topographic maps show details of physical and cultural features

• “Topos” are used by engineers, hikers and more

• Brown contour lines = elevation

Biosphere

• Encompasses all earths living organisms

• Includes potions of the 3 abiotic system near earth’s surface and organisms interact with them

• EX: piece of soil is part of lithosphere and it contains moisture from hydrosphere along with pockets of air from the atmosphere and plant matter from biosphere

Living organisms interact with…

Top 3 meters of LITHOSPHERE:

• Most plants and animals live and where they obtain food and shelter

Top 200 meters of HYDROSPHERE

• Provides water to drink and physical support for aquatic life

Lowest 30 meters of the ATMOSPHERE

• provides air for animals to breath and protects them from suns rays

Ecosystem

Group of living organisms and the abiotic species with which they interact

Ecology

Scientific study of ecosystems

Ecologists

Study relationships between living organisms and the 3 abiotic environments as well as various living organisms in the biosphere

Interaction of humans with rest of the spheres’

• If atmosphere contains pollutants humans can’t breath

• Without water humans die

• Etc.

2 sustainability issues with destruction of soil

• EROSION: Occurs when soil washes away in the rain or blows away in wind

• DEPLETION OF NUTRIENTS: Plants sometimes take more nutrients than can be produced

Cultural ecology

Geographic study of human - environment relationships. Different cultural groups modify the 4 spheres in different ways

Sustainable environment

An environment that focuses on using natural resources responsibility as to ensure they will be available in the future.

Unsustainable environment

A condition or practice that cannot be maintained over time because it harms the environment, depletes resources, or creates negative consequences without adequate solutions.

Every … degree of longitude represents one time zone

15th degree there are 24 time zones

Overall formal time

Coordinated Universal Time (Greenwich mean time)

International date line

• Mostly follows 180 degrees longitude

• When crossed east (toward America) the clock moves back 24 hrs and VICE VERSA

Geospatial data

Includes information that can be tied to a specific place ( gathered from field observation, travel narratives, etc)

• Data used to gather geospatial data - GPS, REMOTE SENSING,

• GIS: STORES USE IT (GATHER DATA ON WHAT CUSTOMERS LIKE)

Quantitive data

Measured and recorded using numbers (GIS)

Qualitative data

Information based on words rather than numbers (interviews or surveys)

Environmental Determinism VS Possibilism

ED: (not used as much) the environment determines everything about human development

POSSIBILISM: (used more) humans can adapt or change environment to fit their development

Polders and China’s 3 gorges dam

Some ways to adapt the environment to fit needs (Possibilism)

Equal area projection

Keep size but distort shape

Conformal maps

Distort area but keep shapes intact

Cylindrical map

Shows direction but loses distance

Planar

Examines Earth from one point shows true direction

Conic

Puts a cone over Earth and tries to keep distance intact but loses direction

Oval

Combo of cylindrical maps and conic projections

Flowline maps

Good for determining movement such as migration

Graphy

To draw or write

Geography

Ex/exo

Out

Exoskeleton