Prelim (Book and PDF)

Psychotherapy and counseling

— are interactions between a therapist/counselor and one or more clients/patients

help the client/patient with problems

the purpose of counseling and psychotherapy is to —- that may have aspects that are related to disorders of thinking, emotional suffering, or problems of behavior

theory of personality and psychotherapy or counseling

therapist may use their knowledge of —- to help the patient/client improve functioning

legally and ethically

the therapist’s approach to helping must be —- approved

client

— is used when in an educational & social service setting

patient

— is used in medical setting

psychotherapy

• a process of engagement between two persons, both of whom are bound to change through the therapeutic venture

• this is a collaborative process that involves both the therapist and the client in co-constructing solutions to concerns

counseling

• support the patient to perform day-to-day activities in a normal and efficient manner

• deal with patients who are fit enough to think rationally and find solutions to their problems by themselves

short term

counseling is a — process

long term

psychotherapy is a — process

Psychotherapy

• uncover the foundation of the problem and address it in the most efficient manner

• involve individuals who are dependent in the therapist to gain control over their personality, mind, emotions and behavior

less in depth

counseling address issues in a — manner

very deep

psychotherapy addresses issues in a — manner

qualitatively

counseling and psychotherapy are the same —

quantitatively

counseling and psychotherapy are the different —

inferiority complex

Counseling has — with slightly older sibling, psychotherapy (Adlerian)

superiority complex

Psychotherapy has — with younger rival, counseling (Adlerian)

• willing to shed stereotypes and be authentic

• genuineness and aliveness can significantly touch clients

• affirms that changing is worth the risk and the effort

• model realness by engaging in appropriate self-disclosure. In return, client will tend to be honest in the therapeutic relationship

Counselor as a therapeutic person

effective psychotherapist

an — is one who employs specific methods, offers strong relationships and customizes both discrete methods and relational stances to the individual person and condition

1. psychoanalytic therapy

2. adlerian therapy

3. existential therapy

4. person-centered therapy

5. gestalt therapy

6. behavior therapy

7. cognitive behavior therapy

8. choice theory/ reality therapy

9. feminist therapy

10. postmodern approaches

11. family systems therapy

11 therapeutic approaches

1. psychodynamic approaches

2. experiential and relationship-oriented therapies

3. cognitive behavioral approaches

4. systems and postmodern approaches

4 general categories

1. psychoanalytic therapy

2. adlerian therapy

psychodynamic approaches

1. existential therapy

2. person-centered therapy

3. gestalt therapy

experiential and relationship-oriented therapies

1. behavior therapy

2. cognitive behavior therapy

3. choice theory/ reality therapy

cognitive behavioral approaches

1. feminist therapy

2. postmodern approaches

3. family system therapy

systems and postmodern approaches

psychoanalytic theory

• Founder: Sigmund Freud.

• A theory of personality development, a philosophy of human nature, and a method of psychotherapy that focuses on unconscious factors that motivate behavior.

• Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the later development of personality.

adlerian therapy

• Founder: Alfred Adler. Key Figure:

• Following Adler, Rudolf Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States.

• This is a growth model that stresses assuming responsibility, creating one’s own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies

existential therapy

• Key figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom.

• Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one’s life, and self-determination.

• It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic relationship

person-centered therapy

• Founder: Carl Rogers; Key figure: Natalie Rogers.

• This approach was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis.

• Based on a subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the client in dealing with problems and concerns

gestalt therapy

• Founders: Fritz and Laura Perls; Key figures: Miriam and Erving Polster.

• An experiential therapy stressing awareness and integration; it grew as a reaction against analytic therapy.

• It integrates the functioning of body and mind and places emphasis on the therapeutic relationship

behavior therapy

• Key figures: B. F. Skinner, and Albert Bandura.

• This approach applies the principles of learning to the resolution of specific behavioral problems.

• Results are subject to continual experimentation. The methods of this approach are always in the process of refinement.

• The mindfulness and acceptance-based approaches are rapidly gaining popularity

cognitive behavior therapy

• Founders: Albert Ellis and A. T. Beck.

• Albert Ellis founded rational emotive behavior therapy, a highly didactic, cognitive, action-oriented model of therapy,

• A. T. Beck founded cognitive therapy, which gives a primary role to thinking as it influences behavior.

• Judith Beck continues to develop; Christine Padesky has developed strengths-based —; and Donald Meichenbaum, who helped develop —-, has made significant contributions to

• resilience as a factor in coping with trauma

choice theory/ reality therapy

• Founder: William Glasser. Key figure: Robert Wubbolding.

• This short-term approach is based on choice theory and focuses on the client assuming responsibility in the present.

• Through the therapeutic process, the client is able to learn more effective ways of meeting her or his needs.

feminist therapy

• This approach grew out of the efforts of many women, a few of whom are Jean Baker Miller, Carolyn Zerbe Enns, Oliva Espin, and Laura Brown.

• A central concept is the concern for the psychological oppression of women.

• Focusing on the constraints imposed by the sociopolitical status to which women have been relegated, this approach explores women’s identity development, self-concept, goals and aspirations, and emotional well-being

postmodern approaches

• A number of key figures are associated with the development of these various approaches to therapy. Steve de Shazer and Insoo Kim Berg are the cofounders of solution-focused brief therapy. Michael White and David Epston are the major figures associated with narrative therapy.

• Social constructionism, solution-focused brief therapy, and narrative therapy all assume that there is no single truth; rather,

• it is believed that reality is socially constructed through human interaction. These approaches maintain that the client is an expert in his or her own life.

family systems therapy

• A number of significant figures have been pioneers of the family systems approach, two of whom include Murray Bowen and Virginia Satir.

• This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding and working with the family

values

our — are core beliefs that influence how we act, both in our personal and our professional lives

personal values

influences how we view counseling and the manner in which we interact with clients

1. Be aware of how your values influence your interventions

2. Recognize that you are not value-neutral

3. Your job is to assist clients in finding answers that are most congruent with their own values

4. It is not beneficial to provide advice or to give clients your answers to their questions.

5. Find ways to manage value conflicts between you and your clients

6. Begin therapy by exploring the client’s goals

The Counselor’s Values

value imposistion

• refers to counselors directly attempting to define a client’s values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

• It is possible for counselors to impose their values either actively or passively.

• Counselors are cautioned about not imposing their values on their clients.

Personal Values. Counselors are aware of their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behavior and avoid imposing values that are inconsistent with counseling goals and respect for the diversity of clients, trainees, and research participants. (A.4.b.)

the American Counseling Association’s Code of Ethics (ACA, 2005) has this standard:

1. Established Identity

2. Respect and appreciate oneself

3. Open to change

4. Make choices that are life-oriented

5. Authentic, sincere, and honest

6. Has a sense of humor

7. Make mistakes and are willing to admit them

8. Generally, lives in the present

9. Appreciates the influence of culture

10. Has a sincere interest in the welfare of others

11. Possess effective interpersonal skills

12. Becomes deeply involved in work and derive meaning from it

13. Passionate

14. Able to maintain healthy boundaries

QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE COUNSELOR / THERAPIST

1. Dealing with our anxieties

2. Being ourselves and disclosing our experience

3. Avoiding perfectionism

4. Being honest about our limitations

5. Understanding silence

6. Dealing with demands from clients

7. Dealing with clients who lack commitment

8. Tolerating ambiguity

9. Avoiding losing ourselves in our clients

10. Developing sense of humor

11. Sharing responsibility with the client

12. Declining to give advice

13. Defining your roles as a counselor

14. Learning to use techniques appropriately

15. Developing your own counseling style

16. Staying vital as a person and as a professional

ISSUES FACED BY NEW COUNSELORS/THERAPIST

1. Consider the motivation for wanting to be a counselor

2. Understand the feelings of being a client

3. Find support as we struggle to be a professional

4. Deal with personal issues, increase your self-awareness, and know the impacts for being a counselor

5. Be aware of and be assisted in managing the counter transferences

6. Can help us develop patience with our patients

7. Helps us avoid assuming a stance of superiority over others

COUNSELING FOR THE COUNSELOR

1. Confidentiality

2. Informed Consent

3. Client’s Well-Being

4. Relationships

5. Record Keeping

6. Competent Practice

7. Working With Vulnerable People

8. Referrals

9. Interruption

10. Termination

ETHICS in Counseling / Psychotherapy (PAP Code of Ethics)

Privileged communication

is a legal concept that protects clients from having their confidential communications revealed in court without their permission

1. Consult with other professionals

2. Keep yourself informed with changes in ethical codes and practices

3. Engage in self-examination

4. Be aware of consequences

ETHICAL DECISION MAKING

Dual or multiple relationships

either sexual or nonsexual, occur when counselors assume two (or more) roles simultaneously or sequentially with a client.

boundary crossing

is a departure from a commonly accepted practice that could potentially benefit a client

boundary violation

• is a serious breach that harms the client and is therefore unethical.

• is a boundary crossing that takes the practitioner out of the professional role

ethical decision making

is an evolutionary process that requires you to be continually open and self-reflective

1. Listening

2. Empathy

3. Genuineness

4. Unconditional Positive Regard

5. Concreteness

6. Open Question

7. Interpretation

8. Counselor Self- Disclosure

9. Giving Information

10. Removing obstacle to change

Basic Counseling Skills

Counseling

is an intimate form of learning, and it demands a practitio ner who is willing to be an authentic person in the therapeutic relationship. It is within the context of such a person-to-person connection that the client experi ences growth.

therapy relationship and the therapy methods

both the — used influence the outcomes of treatment, but it essential that the methods used support the therapeutic relationship being formed with the client

ethical obligation

It is an — for counselors to develop sensitivity to cultural differences if they hope to make interventions that are consistent with the values of their clients.

culture

• — is, quite simply, the values and behaviors shared by a group of individuals.

• It is important to realize that — refers to more than ethnic or racial heritage; — also includes factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, physical and mental ability, and socioeconomic status

Mandatory ethics

involves a level of ethical functioning at the minimum level of professional practice

aspirational ethics f

ocuses on doing what is in the best interests of clients.

Fear-based ethics

does not constitute sound ethical practice.

concern-based ethics

Strive to work toward —, and think about how you can become the best practitioner possible

Positive ethics

is an approach taken by practitioners who want to do their best for clients rather than simply meet minimum standards to stay out of trouble

Self-monitoring

is a better route for professionals to take than being policed by an outside agency

informed consent

— involves the right of clients to be informed about their therapy and to make autonomous decisions pertaining to it. Providing clients with information they need to make informed choices tends to promote the active cooperation of clients in their coun seling plan.

confidentiality

is an ethical concept, and in most states it is the legal duty of therapists not to disclose information about a client.

assessment consists

of evaluating the relevant factors in a client’s life to iden tify themes for further exploration in the counseling process.

Diagnosis

which is sometimes part of the assessment process, consists of identifying a specific mental disorder based on a pattern of symptoms.

evidence-based practice (ebP)

“the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences”