SEHS B.1.1

Anatomical position

The standard reference point in anatomy

Anatomical planes

Sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes which helps describe location and movements

Sagittal plane

Left and right - Flexion and extension

Frontal plane

Anterior and posterior - Abduction and adduction

Transverse plane

Superior and inferior - Rotation

Axial skeleton

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

Superior vs. Inferior

Above/higher vs. Below/lower

Proximal vs. Distal

closer to point of attachment vs. further from point of attachment

Anterior vs. Posterior

Front of the body vs. back of the body

Medial vs. Lateral

Closer to the midline of the body vs. further from the midline of the body

Flexion

Decreasing in the angle of a joint

Extension

Increasing the angle of a joint

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Pronation

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down

Supination

Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up

Protraction

Moving a body part forward

Retraction

Moving a body part backward

Opposition

Moving the thumb to touch the fingertips

Reposition

Moving the thumb back to its anatomical position

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward

Elevation

Lifting a body part upwards

Depression

Lowering a body part downwards

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb

Rotation

Rotating a body part around its axis

Plantar Flexion

Pointing the toes downwards

Dorsiflexion

Lifting the toes upward

Longitudinal Axis movement example

- Rotational movements such as turning the head side to side, pirouettes in dance, rotation while batting in softball

Frontal axis movement example

- Movements such as twisting the torso

Sagittal axis movement example

- Cartwheel