MCAT Chemistry

Keq

Ratio representing the concentrations of products over reactants in a reversible reaction

ΔG=ΔH-TΔS

Gibbs free energy in a system

ΔG

Gibbs free energy. If negative reaction is spontaneous. if positive reaction is nonspontaneous.

ΔH

Enthalpy. Shows a change in heat

ΔS

Entropy. Shows a change in chaos

Lewis acid

takes electrons

Arrhenius base

gives -OH

Bronsted Lowry Acid

gives hydrogen

Bronsted Lowry Base

takes hydrogen

Why is ammonia a gas but ammonium is not

Ammonium’s positive charge allows it to interact with water which prevents it from being gaseous

In a spontaneous reaction, do reactants or products have larger ΔG?

Reactants

Are spontaneous reactions exergonic or endergonic

exergonic

In a spontaneous reaction, do reactants or products have lower activation energy?

reactants

ΔG=-RT ln(Keq)

Free energy in standard conditions

ΔG=-RT ln(Q/Keq)

Free energy in non standard conditions

Coordinate covalent

bond where 2 electrons in the bond come from the same atom

Polar covalent bond

bond where the two bonding atoms have very different electronegativities