APUSH 7B

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

Industrial Workers of The World

Founded in 1905, this radical union, also known as the Wobblies aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests. It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity.

general Strike

strike by workers in many different industries at the same time

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare.

American Expiditionary Force

Led through Europe during WWI by General John "Blackjack" Pershing. Generally unprepared - they had old weapons and obsolete warplanes. The US thought declaring war would scare Germany, and that they could be helpful by sending ships and weapons without having to get actual troops involved.

Battle of Château-Thierry

(1918) the first significant engagement of American troops in World War I--and indeed, in any European war; to weary French soldiers, the American doughboys were an image of fresh and gleaming youth

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender;

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations - failed

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Irreconcilables

These were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass.

Authur Zimmerman

German foreign minister, known for Mexican Telegram

George Creel

Headed the Committee on Public Information, for promoting the war effort in WWI

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood

(1869-1928) As a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Western Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America, Haywood was one of the most feared American labor radicals. During World War I, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation.

Alice Paul

Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Henry Cabot Lodge

conservative senator who wanted to keep the united states out of the league of nations

Scientific Management

a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

Fordism

System of standardized mass production attributed to Henry Ford.

United Negro Improvement Association

A group founded by Marcus Garvey to promote the settlement of American blacks in their own "African homeland"

Bolshevik / October Revolution

Lenin's Red Army overthrew the Provisional government (Duma) and took over the city of Petrograd (later Leningrad, later St. Petersburg)

red scare

A period of general fear of communists, especially in the US

criminal syndicalism laws

Passed by many states during the Red Scare of 1919-1920, these nefarious laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change. Stump speakers for the International Workers of the World, or IWW, were special targets.

American plan

Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. Demonstrated laissez-faire economics.

Immigration act of 1924

Also known as the Johnson-Reed Act. Federal law limiting the number of immigrants that could be admitted from any country to 2% of the amount of people from that country who were already living in the U.S. as of the census of 1890.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

gives Native Americans citizenship and the right to vote in federal elections in 1924

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Volstead Act

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

racketeers

a person who engages in dishonest and fraudulent business dealings

Bible belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Scopes trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

"Lost Generation"

Americans who became disillusioned with society after World War I

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Bureau of the budget

Created in 1921, its primary task is to prepare the Annual Budget for presentation every January. It also controls the administration of the budget, improving it and encouraging government efficiency.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

The 1923 Supreme Court case that voided a minimum wage for women workers in the District of Columbia, reversing many of the gains that had been achieved through the groundbreaking decision in Muller v. Oregon.

Nine Power treaty

1922. Treaty that was essentially a reinvention of the Open Door Policy. All members to allow equal and fair trading rights with China. Signed by (9) US, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal.

Kelllogg-Briand Pact

An agreement to outlaw war

Fordney-McCumber Tariff law

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

McNary-Haugen Bill

A plan to rehabilitate American agriculture by raising the domestic prices of farm products *Effects of the protective tariff and burdens of debt and taxation had created a serious agricultural depression and grew steadily worse

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

Agriculture Marketing Act

proposed by Hoover in 1929, it established the first major government program to help farmers maintain prices, a federally sponsored Farm Board would make loans to national marketing cooperatives or establish corporations to buy surpluses and thus raise prices.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Black Teusday

The day the stock market crashed

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injuction Act

this measures outlawed antiunion contracts and forbade the federal courts to issue injunctions to restrain strikes, boycotts, and peaceful picketing.

Bonus Expeditionary Force

Thousands of World War I veterans, who insisted on immediate payment of their bonus certificates, marched on Washington in 1932; violence ensued when President Herbert Hoover ordered their tent villages cleared.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted and executed for murder despite scarce evidence against them

Horace Kallen

an intellectual who championed alternative conceptions of the immigrant role in American society, defended newcomer's right to practice their ancestral customs, vision- the US should provide a protective canopy for ethnic and racial groups to preserve their cultural uniqueness, stressed the preservation of identity, believed pluralism

Randolph Bourne

This man was a "cultural pluralist" along with Horace Kallen. He opposed the idea of immigration restriction. He, in fact, believed in cosmopolitan interchange which was destined to make America "not a nationality but a trans-nationality." In this view the U.S. should serve as the vanguard of a more international and multicultural age. (pgs. 724-725)

Al Capone

A mob king in Chicago who controlled a large network of speakeasies with enormous profits. His illegal activities convey the failure of prohibition in the twenties and the problems with gangs.

John T. Scopes

An educator in Tennessee who was arrested for teaching evolution. This trial represented the Fundamentalist vs the Modernist. The trial placed a negative image on fundamentalists, and it showed a changing America.

Fredrick W. Taylor

Father of scientific management

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Charles A. Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

H. L. Mencken

Baltimore writer who criticized the supposedly narrow and hypocritical values of American society

F. Scott Fitzgerald

a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression. his noval THE GREAT GATSBY is considered a masterpiece about a gangster's pursuit of an unattainable rich girl.

Ernest Hemmingway

A young novelist from Paris who decided to move to America. He was an ambulance driver in WWI, and had seen the war's worst. His early novels, "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms", reflected the mood of despair that followed the war.

T. S. Elliot

wrote the waste land

William Faulkner

A Rose for Emily

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

Warring Harding

"return to normalcy" won election of 1920, conservative, wanted to go back to the way things were because they were sick of progressivism

Albert B. Fall

The Harding Cabinet member who profited from and was convicted for the Teapot Dome Scandal

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

John W. Davis

Democratic convention nominee in 1924 against Coolidge. He was a wealthy lawyer connected with J.P. Morgan and Company. Coolidge easily defeated Davis.

Alfred E. Smith

Democratic presidential candidate in 1928

Herbert Hoover

Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Brain trust

Group of expert policy advisers who worked with FDR in the 1930s to end the great depression

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Hundred Days

the special session of Congress that Roosevelt called to launch his New Deal programs. The special session lasted about three months: 100 days.

Glass-Steagall Act

(Banking Act of 1933) - Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and included banking reforms, some designed to control speculation. Repealed in 1999, opening the door to scandals involving banks and stock investment companies.

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that hired unemployed men to work on natural conservation projects

National recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours. (Gave us our mascot)

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

Gave farmers money to reduce crop size to reduce production and bring up the value of crops

Dust Bowl

A drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.

Indian Reorginization Act (1934)

Created in 1934, the Indian "New Deal" encouraged tribes to preserve their culture and traditions.

Tenessee Valley Authority

New deal program to control flooding,conserve soil,and bring hydroelectric power to the mid-south

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Fair Labour Standards Act

A law that creates the right to a minimum wage, and "time-and-a-half" overtime pay when people work over forty hours a week.

Congress of International Organizations

CIO; split from the AFL in 1937 to organize workers in all industries (not by craft/skill); represented unskilled laborers, called for greater worker protection

Court Packing Plan

FDR's failed plan to pack the court with hand picked judges

Keynesianism

the belief the government must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation

FDR

32nd President of the United States, Roosevelt, the President of the United States during the Depression and WWII. He instituted the New Deal. Served from 1933 to 1945, he was the only president in U.S. history to be elected to four terms

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Harry L. Hopkins

This man led the FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) which replaced Hoover's RFC by giving grants to the states to promote civil work projects, but the states preferred just to give the money to the men instead of creating jobs. He would also run the CWA and the WPA

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Francis E. Townshend

created a large following among senior citizens by creating the Old Age Revolving Pension Plan; called for payments of $200 a month to all people over sixty, provided that the money was spent within thirty days; pensions would be financed by a national 2 percent tax on all commercial transactions

Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long

Louisiana governor, later senator, whose anti-New Deal "Share Our Wealth" program promised to make "Every Man a King"-that is, until he was gunned down in 1935.

John Steinbeck

American novelist who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939) A story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.

Frances Perkins

U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet.

Mary MacLeod Bethune

an African American and educator who dedicated herself to promoting opportunities for young African Americans; hired by Roosevelt to head the Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth Administration to ensure the NYA hired African-American administrators and provided job training and other benefits to minority students

Robert F. Wagner

A Democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.