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22

In a fetus, the heart starts beating about ____ days after conception

connective, liquid ECM

Blood is a tissue with cells suspended in a ____

plasma, RBC, platelets, WBC

Blood consists of:

plasma

the most abundant in blood?

WBC

The least abundant in blood?

buffy coat

When blood components are separated, white blood cells and platelets form a layer called the ____ ____

Hematocrit

this refers to the portion of the red blood cells in a test tube

complete blood count (CBC)

this reports the amount of each component of blood to look for abnormalities

• transports nutrients, O2, waste, and hormones

• regulates pH and osmosis

• Transports heat

• Protects against foreign substances

functions of blood

Arteries

the heart pumps blood into these that carry blood away from he heart

Arterioles

these are arteries that connect to smaller vessels

Capillaries

arterioles branch into what?

capillaries

these are sites for nutrients, electrolytes, gas, and waste exchange

venules

capillaries converge into?

veins

venules converge into?

veins

these return blood to the heart

hollow

the shape of the heart is _ and cone-shaped

mediastinum

Heart is found in the between the lungs

Apex

blunt, rounded point that is inferior and pointed left of the heart

base

flat portion that is superior and slightly posterior of the heart

pericadrium

a double-layered closed sac that surrounds and anchors the heart

pericardial sac

another name for pericardium

Epicardium

outermost layer; aka the visceral pericardium which protects the heart

myocardium

middle thick layer of cardiac muscle responsible for pumping blood

Endocardium

innermost layer which consists of Et and Ct which lines the chambers and valves

Atria

two upper chambers with THIN walls that RECIEVE blood returning to the heart

Ventricles

two lower chambers with THICK walls that PUMP blood out of the heart

interatial septum

septum that divides the right and left atria

Interrentricular septum

septum that divides the right and left ventricles

atria

this serves are reservoirs that collect blood that will enter the ventricles

Right Atrium

this receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Left Atrium

this receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

ventricle

each atrium opens to a _?

Right Ventricle

this pumps blood to the lungs

Left ventricle

this pumps blood to the body

LV

which ventricle's valve is the thickest with myocardium musle

two valves of the heart

atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves

atrioventricular valves

these valves are located between the atria and ventricles; permit one-way blood flow only

Tricuspid valve

RA to RV (3 cusps/flaps)

bicuspid/mitral valve

LA to LV (2 cusps/flaps)

Papillary muscles

these project inwards from the walls of both ventricles

chordae tendinae

strong, fibrous strings that attach to the cusps of each valve and the papillary muscles

• these structures prevent the valves from swinging backwards into the atria

Semilunar valves

these only permit one-way flow of blood from the ventricles to arteries to eventually leave the heart

Pulmonary valve

this is the valve in the SL valve to the pulmonary trunk

pulmonary trunk

this forms the pulmonary arteries that lead to the lungs

• this valve opens when the RV contracts
• It closes when the RV begins to relax to prevent blood from flowing back into the RV

Aortic valve

this is the SL valve to the aorta

aorta

this is the large artery that distributes blood to the body

• opens to allow blood to leave the LV
• When the LV relaxes the aortic valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the LV

vena cavae

Blood low in oxygen travels into the heart via the ?

tricupsid

blood passes through the _ valves and into the right ventricle

pulmonary trunk

blood moves into the ____ which divides into the pulmonary arteries to the lungs

coronary arteries

before carrying blood to the rest of the body, the aorta divides into two arteries; the left and the right ____ ___. these supply blood to the heart itself

cardiac veins

once oxygenated blood is given to the heart, the deoxygenated blood is collected by the ____ ____

coronary sinus

the cardiac veins join to form the _ ____, which empties into the right atrium with the other deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body

angina pectoris

a clot that narrows a coronary artery

myocardial infarction

if the clot completely blocks the cononary artery, it kills the part of the hear; aka heart attack

systole

this term refers to a chamber contracting; blood is being emptied from that chamber

diastole

this term refers to a chamber when it is relaxed; it is filling with blood

lubb-dupp

heart sound

valves

lubb-dupp is caused by these closing

tricuspid and mitral

the lubb noise is made from the systole(contracting); when these AV valves are closing

pulmonary and aortic

the dupp noise comes from the diastole (relaxed) ; when these SL valves are closing

stethoscope

tool used to listen to the heart to make sure the valves are functioning properly

murmurs

abnormal heart sounds

incompetent valve

leaky valve that allows backflow of blood

mitral regurgitation

Reflux of blood from left ventricle into left atrium during systole

Cardiac conduction system

a system of specialized muscle tissues that conducts electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to beat

SA node

pacemaker of the heart; located in the superior wall of the right atrium

AV node

relays electrical impulses from atria into ventricles; located in the lower portion of the right atrium; if sa node fails to be the pacemaker, this becomes the one

ectopic beat

a heartbeat that originates from some part of the heart other than the SA node; skipping a beat sensation

AV bundle

these conduct impulses that spread to this; also known as the bundle of His

left and right

the av bundles branches into ____ and ____ branch

Purkinje fibers

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles; conduct impulses from the left and right av branch

fibrillation

rapid, random, and ineffective contractions of the heart

defibrillation

the use of electrical shock to restore the heart's normal rhythm

electrocardiogram

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

body fluid

this conducts electrical currents

3

a normal EKG shows __ sets of deflections/waves

70-80 bpm

normal heartbeat

tachycardia

Abnormally rapid heartbeat 100 bpm

Brachycardia

when heartbeat is < 60

blood pressure

a measure of the force blood exerts against the blood vessel walls

blood pressure

this measures the proper systole and diastole of the heart chambers

cardiac cycle

one complete heartbeat

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles. 120mmHg

diastolic pressure

Blood pressure that remains between heart contractions. 80mmHg

pulse

Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.

arterial pulse

brachial, radial, temporal pulse are all examples of what

higher

pulse feels stronger with a _ BP and feels weak with a lower BP

sphygonometer

tool used to measure the blood pressure

systolic/diastolic

blood pressure is measured as a fraction of

hypertension

persistent high blood pressure is considered a bp that exceeds 140/90

dying

thickining of the myocardium leads to the heart