Health And Human Development Unit 3 AOS 1

Health and wellbeing

The state of an individual's social, emotional, mental, spiritual and physical being, and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance resulting in symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage.

Dynamic

Health and wellbeing is highly sensitive to a variety of internal and external changes and may be altered frequently and/or drastically based on these conditions.

Subjective

Health and wellbeing will be perceived and experienced differently by different people based on their priorities for their health and wellbeing, their age, past experience of disease, pain threshold and presence of support systems.

Physical health and wellbeing

The functioning of the body and its systems. Relates to energy levels, immune function, a healthy body weight, physical activity levels, nutrition and the absence of disease or infirmity. The ability to complete daily tasks and activities. fitness

Social health and wellbeing

The ability to form meaningful relationships with others and to adapt to different social situations. It involves having a well-functioning family, a strong support system of friends, effective communication skills and productive relationships with others.

Emotional health and wellbeing

The ability to effectively recognise, understand, manage and express a variety of emotional actions and reactions and to display resilience.

Mental health and wellbeing

The ability to think and process information, as well as the current state of the mind and brain. This relates to levels of stress and anxiety, confidence and self esteem. Thought patterns and internal dialogue.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Not material in nature, but relates to the ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and conscience of human beings. Relates to having a sense of belonging and purpose in life, a sense of peace and harmony, and may involve belief in a higher power.

Health and wellbeing as an individual resource

Promotes life expectancy and quality of life, increases ability to participate in daily tasks and activities and to pursue passions, creates a positive cycle of health promoting behaviours, reduces personal healthcare expenditure, reduced risk of illness and premature death;

Health and wellbeing as a national resource

Reduced rates of absenteeism, increased productivity, increased average incomes and government tax revenue, greater levels of civic engagement, reduced stress and anxiety within the community, reduced reliance on social protection and healthcare services. Increased life expectancy and quality of life.

Health and wellbeing as a global resource

Promotes aid efforts and sustainability focus, positive international relations, reduced risk of global communicable disease epidemics, increased trade opportunity, social and economic development increases

Education

Education promotes health literacy and understanding of health promotion initiatives, increases employment opportunity and capacity to earn an income later in life, promotes socialisation and feelings of confidence and high self esteem.

Food security

The state in which all individuals obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local, non-emergency sources. Promotes body and immune system function and energy levels, decreases levels of stress and anxiety and increases concentration and intellectual function.

Income

Allows for healthcare, education, shelter, food security and transport costs, increases social and civic participation, increases tax revenue, reduces reliance on public housing and social security, maintains law and order, and puts more money into public resources such as healthcare, education and infrastructure.

Stable ecosystem

A community that consists of all living and non-living components of a particular area, and the balance between the environment and the creatures that live in it. Promotes sustainability, provides a source of food and employment, shelter and infrastructure, clean water and air, renewable energy, natural medicines and fibres for clothing, as well as a sense of connectedness to the land.

Sustainable resources

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable use of natural resources as a source of energy, food, infrastructure and water ensures the availability of these essential resources into the future.

Social Justice

Ensuring that all people experience equal rights and opportunities regardless of personal factors such as race, religion, age, gender or cultural background, such that the outcome of a person's life is not determined by factors outside of their control. This involves celebrating diversity, ensuring equal rights in civil, legal and industrial affairs, and ensuring that all people can participate in personal development, civic engagement and decision-making.

Equity

Adapting to the differing needs of population groups in order to provide fair distribution of resources. Government implements subsidisation, social security and financial assistance to achieve a base level of resource access.

Health status

A person's overall state of health and wellbeing, taking into account factors such as life expectancy, disease risk factors and level of disability experienced.

Self-assessed health status

An individual's subjective assessment of their social, mental, emotional, spiritual and physical health and wellbeing, and their feelings about their life in general.

Life expectancy

The number of years of life left to an individual of a particular age at a given time, if death rates do not change.

Health-adjusted life expectancy

The total number of years of healthy life an individual can expect to live; it is based on life expectancy at birth but includes an adjustment for time spent in poor health.

Mortality

Death within a population

Infant mortality rate

The rate of deaths of children before their first birthday, typically per 1000 live births.

Under-5 mortality rate

The rate of deaths of children before their 5th birthday, typically per 1000 live births.

Maternal mortality rate

The rate of deaths of mothers dying as a result of pregnancy or childbirth or up to 6 weeks after delivery, typically per 100000 live births.

Morbidity

Refers to illness in an individual or level of illness within a population.

Incidence

The number of new cases of disease within a population over a given period.

Prevalence

Number of cases in existence within a population at a given time.

Burden of disease

Measured in disability adjusted life years as the sum of years lost from life expectancy due to premature death or disability. It measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation in which all people live to an old age free from disease or illness.

Disability adjusted life year

A measure of burden of disease calculated by adding years of life lost due to premature death and years of life lost due to disability.

Years of life lost

Number of years of life lost from life expectancy due to premature death.

Years lost due to disability

Number of years of healthy life lost due to disease, disability or illness.

Factors influencing burden of disease

Alcohol, smoking, high body mass index, high intake of fat, salt and sugar, low intake of fruit vegetables and dairy, fibre and iron.

Smoking

Burning and inhaling a substance to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Increases the risk of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and birth conditions.

Alcohol

Impacts behaviour and increases risk of cancer, mental health issues, ulcers, anaemia, premature ageing, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, obesity, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and reduced immune function.

Body mass index

A statistical measure of body mass and height-to-weight ratio calculated by weight divided by height squared. The following classifications apply: Underweight\<18.5; 18.5

Antioxidants

Neutralise free radicals, which are a by-product of oxygen metabolism, decreasing the risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Found in fruit and vegetables.

Folate

Important for pregnant women, reducing the risk of neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly. Found in vegetables.

Vitamins and minerals

Promote health immune function and energy levels. Found in fruit and vegetables.

Fibre

Insoluble fibre substantiates stomach contents, cleans digestive tract and reduces weight gain while soluble fibre absorbs excess glucose and cholesterol, reducing risk of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, type-2 diabetes, obesity and colorectal cancer. Found in fruit and vegetables.

Calcium

Substantiates bone strength and density, reducing risk of osteoporosis, as well as cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer and dental caries. Present in dairy and lactose-free alternatives.

Low-density lipoprotein(LDL)

Causes atherosclerosis, or a build up of cholesterol plaques on blood vessel walls in which calcium and other substances become embedded. Increase risk of cardiovascular disesases and glucose regulation by interfering with cell membrance. Found in saturated and trans fats.

Monounsaturated fats

Found in olive oil, avocado, nuts and canola oil. Lowers LDL level.

Polyunsaturated fats

Found in oily fish (omega-3), nuts, seeds, corn, soy, salmon, tuna. Increases HDL and lowers LDL level.

Saturated fats

Found in animal sources, full cream dairy products, fried foods and coconut milk. Increases LDL level.

Trans fats

Found in beef. mutton, dairy, hydrogenated fats, cakes and pastries. Increases LDL level and interferes with cell membrane and glucose regulation.

Sodium

Draws water out of cells and increases blood volume, while causing calcium to be excreted in urine. Increases risk of hypertension, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Found in salt.

Sugar

Stored as adipose tissue upon positive energy balance, leading to obesity and related conditions. Increases risk of dental caries and periodontitis, resulting in severe infection, oral cancers and dementia.

Iron

Reduces risk of iron-deficiency and anaemia, which results in fatigue, dizziness, exercise intolerance, dizziness and difficulty concentrating.

Biological factors

Relating to the structure of the cells in the body. High body weight, impaired glucose regulation, high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, low birth weight, genetics.

High body weight

Measured as a BMI above 30 or by waist circumference. Increases the risk of other biological factors as well as CVD, chronic kidney failure, osteoporosis, arthritis, asthma, depression maternal health conditions and cancer. Risk factors: genetics, diet, exercise.

High blood pressure

Measured with a sphygmomanometer. Increases risk of CVD and kidney failure. Risk factors: sodium intake, obesity, exercise, diet, genetics, alcohol and cigarette use.

High blood cholesterol

Increased risk of atherosclerosis, CVD and hypertension. Risk factors: diet, genetics, exercise, smoking, alcohol, obesity, fat consumption, body weight

Impaired glucose regulation

Increases risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD, blood vessel, eyesight and nerve damage, hyper/hypoglycaemia and ketoacidosis. Risk factors: Diet, high blood cholesterol, obesity, hypertension, abdominal fat, genetics, stress, pregnancy, alcohol, smoking.

Low birth weight

Classified as weight under 2.5 kg at birth. Increases risk of underdeveloped immune system, speech and learning difficulties, premature death, as well as CVD, hypertension and type 2 diabetes later in life. Risk factors: premature birth, age of mother, nutritional and health status of mother, maternal alcohol, tobacco or drug use.

Genetics

Gender, genetic predispositions and hormone levels may increase the risk of CVD, cancer, injury or depression.

Sociocultural factors

The social and cultural conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, play and age. Socioeconomic status; unemployment; social exclusion and connections; social isolation; cultural influences; food security; early life experiences; access to healthcare.

Socioeconomic status

A person's place in society relative to other people's, based on income, education and occupation. Income provides access to food, shelter, healthcare and education. Occupation influences lifestyle due to hazards and sedentary aspects. Education increases health literacy and employment/income opportunity.

Unemployment

Stress and anxiety over job and financial stability. Psychological impact increases suicide rates and behaviours such as alcohol and smoking intake.

Social connections and exclusion

The bonds between an individual and their relations, friends and acquaintances, and their ability to participate in the society in which they live. Additionally, the segregation that occurs when an individual does not adequately participate within society. Results in feelings of disconnectedness and a vicious cycle caused by and leading to exclusion, mental illness and substance use. May be caused by discrimination, racism, socioeconomic status, illness or disability, relationship breakdown or homelessness.

Social isolation

Refers to not being in regular contact with others. Results in lack of emotional, psychological or physical support and may be caused by location, illness or disability, communication and language barriers, lack of transport or ageing and death of peers.

Cultural influences

The ideas, values, customs, beliefs and traditions of a particular society that are passed down through generations. May result in change in lifestyle or behaviours and be influenced by gender stereotypes, attitudes and beliefs.

Food security (health status)

A state in which all persons have access to nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food through local, non-emergency sources. Food insecurity relates to individuals not being able to obtain healthy, affordable food. Food shortages may result in malnutrition and deficiencies and are influenced by quality, availability, affordability. Food plenty may result in overconsumption and weight gain and may be caused by lack of health literacy.

Early life experiences

Maternal behaviours and health conditions may lead to failure to thrive and poor cardiopulmonary, immune and kidney function. Nature of emotional attachment shapes outlook and behaviours.

Access to healthcare

Services that preserve and promote health and wellbeing through prevention, diagnosis, management and treatment of illness.Lack of healthcare may delay or inhibit diagnosis and treatment due to lack of health literacy, cultural influences, language barriers, socioeconomic status or gender/methodology of doctor.

Environmental factors

The physical environment in which we live, work and play. Housing, physical environment of the workplace, urban design and infrastructure, climate and climate change.

Housing

Ventilation, design and safety, overcrowding, sleep conditions, security, pollutants, resources conducive to nutrition as well as safe water and sanitation facilities increase risk of malnutrition, communicable diseases, mental illness, stress and anxiety and asthma.

Physical environment of the workplace

UV exposure, jobs involving manual labour, driving and hazardous substances increase risk of injury, respiratory infection or cancer.

Urban design and infrastructure

Proximity to healthcare, employment, shops, transport, fast food, education and recreation impact lifestyle. Roads and road safety, information and communication services, electricity, water, sanitation and public spaces impact safety and disease prevalence.

Climate and climate change

Dry climates may lead to droughts, bushfires and UV exposure. Extreme temperatures, rising sea levels, flooding, bushfires and spread of disease vectors may result in disease or job instability.

Indigenous population biological factors

Syndrome X increases the risk of high body weight, high blood pressure, impaired glucose regulation and high blood cholesterol. Lack of health literacy, maternal tobacco use, poor nutrition and reduced healthcare access contribute to low birth weight.

Indigenous population sociocultural factors

Lower academic achievement may result in reduced socioeconomic status. 4 times higher unemployment rates. Discrimination, racism and forced removal from natural family increases social exclusion. Lack of access and affordability as well as cultural impact leads to food insecurity. Increased maternal alcohol, tobacco and drug use contributes to early life experiences. Cultural factors may deter access to western medicine.

Indigenous population environmental factors

More likely to experience homelessness or poor housing. More likely to live in rural areas with reduced proximity to infrastructure and healthcare. Lack of clean/fluoridated drinking water as well as safe sewage systems.

Males and females biological factors

Higher body weight in males due to diet choices and health literacy. Higher rates of high blood pressure. Higher rates of impaired glucose regulation due to fat distribution. Females more likely to experience osteoporosis due to decline in oestrogen following menopause. Males more likely to engage in risky behaviours due to testosterone.

Males and females sociocultural factors

Lower socioeconomic status in females due to gender pay gap. Unemployment and job instability places greater stress on men. Females culturally expected to care for children, resulting in social isolation. Males culturally expected to perform manual labour tasks, resulting in injury. Differing rules and standards of contact sports increase male risk of injury. Male stereotypes emphasise self-sufficiency and endurance, discouraging medical assistance and suppressing emotions. Female beauty standards contribute to low self esteem and eating disorders. Greater peer pressure for risk taking behaviour in males.

Males and females environmental factors

Males more likely to experience homelessness and to sleep on the street. More likely to work in manual labour jobs.

Socioeconomic status biological factors

Reduced health literacy and income contributes to poor diet, exercise and lifestyle choices. Increases risk of high body weight, impaired glucose regulation, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol. Substance use and poor maternal nutrition leads to low birth weight.

Socioeconomic status sociocultural factors

Lack of education leads to reduced health literacy, unemployment and low income. Low income leads to lack of control over behaviours and unwillingness to change lifestyle, as well as increases in unhealthy behaviours such as smoking. Low income leads to food insecurity due to affordability. Low disposable income reduces social and civic engagement, leading to social exclusion. Maternal substance use, poor health literacy and diet contributes to early life experiences. Low income, lack of health literacy and private health insurances decreases healthcare access and increases wait times.

Socioeconomic status environmental factors

Higher density of fast food outlets in low SES areas, reduced quality and safety of public spaces and infrastructure, with increased crime rates. Poor housing design, and access to resources such as cooking appliances. Higher exposure to environmental tobacco smoke leads to SIDS, asthma and cancer. Low income jobs more likely to involve manual labour or harmful chemicals.

Rural areas biological factors

More likely to experience high body weight, high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, impaired glucose regulation and low birth weight.

Rural areas sociocultural factors

Lower employment opportunities and education achievements lead to low income, low socioeconomic status and reliance on social security. Reduced density of healthcare professionals and requirement of transport for specialised care reduces access to healthcare. Cost of transport of food to remote areas increases price and decreases food security, increasing consumption of processed foods. Maternal tobacco use is tripled, resulting in premature birth, asthma, low birth weight, infant and U5MR. Higher community engagement but lower access to socialisation due to location leads to social isolation.

Rural areas environmental factors

Poor quality roads, wildlife, lighting and long drive times impact road safety. Un-fluoridated water supply leads to dental carries and poor oral health. Greater proximity to food supply, healthcare, infrastructure, transport, employment and social interaction. Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures and bushfires have a greater impact on rural areas and occupations such as farming. Lack of support systems and impact prevention for climate change and natural disasters. More likely to work in industries involving manual labour and UV exposure such as mining and farming. Reduced employment opportunity causes people to accept poor OH&S conditions.