liturgy primary sources

The Lord’s Prayer

• central Christian prayer

• taken from the gospels → some level of allusion to the Kaddish (Ullendorf)

• acknowledges the trinity

m. Pesachim Chapter 10

• blessing over Hallel and how much Hallel we do

  • have to sing songs to fulfill the custom

• different Ma Nitshtana versions

  • misnhah that week know: matzah, maror, meat, dipping

  • Kaufmann includes; matzah, dipping, and meat

• “my father was chased by an Aramean"

  • begin with disgrace and conclude with glory

  • relates to a midrash that states what you say (including the part about the Aramean)

Natronai Gaon

• gets asked about a Haggadah that he was sent from Spain

  • did not include enough rabbinic text, only included biblical text

• he also compiled 100 blessings that are supposed to be said as part of the morning ritual

Qaddish

• end of aggadic speeches at the temple they would praise God

  • that became the nucleus of the kaddish

• included biblical text elements

• additional petitions were added as needed and then worked into the service where relevant (Elbogen)

• kaddish yatom had been a part of the mourning ritual by the Talmudic era but the tradition of the yahrzeit grew in medieval Ashkenaz (Lehnardt)

• Kaddish D’ichadeta/Gadol is similar to Kaddish d’rabanan and is recited at a Siyum Masechet and funerals

• Qadish Tei’anu vi-Tei’ataru → sephardi and yemenite communities on the high holidays after selichot

the siluq Unetaneh Toqef

• very famous siluq

• kimmelman midrash article

• lots of imagery of high holiday

• story about the crusades and a rabbi who recited it while dying (kedushat hashem)

Ben Sira Chapter 50

• precedent for Seder haAvodah → Ben Sira is an apocryphal text but demonstrates some similarities to Seder haAvodah

• praise of the fathers

• praise of the high priest w/ name followed by description of his service in the temple

piyyut Emet Ma Nehadar

• preclassical

• very similar to Ben Sira 50

• sacrifices and stuff

m. Yoma 7:1 and b. Yoma 36b

• evidence for recitation of seder ha-avodah

• recounts the actions of the priest which is most of what seder ha-avodah is

• power struggle between the rabbis and the high priest / what was written in the Torah

the Qina Az Bihataeinu

• for tisha b’av

• has all the astrology signs

• destruction and stuff

b. Berakhot 28b + b. Megillah 17b

• explanation of when prayer was fixed → claims it was fixed at Yavneh

• debate between Fleischman and Heineman (Langer)

  • was Shmuel haKaton the creator of the prayers or did he just arrange them

  • b. megillah states that he got it from the prophets who got it from the elders

Tosefta Rosh Hashanah 2:13

• if RH falls on Shabbat

  • BS says recite 10 blessings

  • BH says recite 9

• Yom tov on Shabbat

  • BS says recite 8

  • BH says recite 7

    • says you recite the blessing over the holiness of the day in the middle of the blessing about Shabbat

• once this kid recited 7 blessings and BS was okay with it because it was an appropriate time to shorten, but BH said that if it was appropriate to shorten that one then he should’ve sorted all of them

m. Rosh Hashanah 4:5

Order of RH musaf

b. Menahot 99b-100a

• Shema counts as Torah study thats why we say the bracha earlier

• if you learn once ni the morning and once in the evening then its like you’ve been learning Torah all day long

Mishnah Tamid 5:1 with comments in talmud Brakhot

proof shema was recited + fixed publicly (Kattan-Gribetz)

Philo, the Contemplative Life 27

• mentions prayer twice per day

  • blessings before the shema because he’s talking about the holy lights

• the part between morning and evening is spent in “spriritual exercise”

Letter of Aristeas

• mentions mezzuzot

• mentions tefillin

• mentions the commandment of when you sleep and when you rise up

Prayer from Ben Sira 36

• prayer for ingathering of the exiles and for jerusalem

• about the second temple → there were still jews in the diaspora

• about the priests in the high temple during exile

Psalms from Qumran

• judgement imagery

• asking to be saved from exile

• language of Israel, covenant, Moses, exodus

• discussion of sacrifices

Megilat ha-Hodayot

• serving God properly

• sectarian

• paralells to tehillim

• very poetic

• spoken in the 1st person

• emphasis on the might of God

  • compassion

  • day/night language

biblical prayers

• petitioning + appealing + bargaining

• prayer as an action

• prayer has direct response from God

  • related to fertility

• more praise language later in Tanakh

• prayer goes with supplication + other actions

• views God as the divine judge