Malaria (Until Life Cyle to Man)

Phylum: APICOMPLEXA

Class: SPOROZOA

Order: HEMOSPORIDA

Genus: PLASMODIUM

Phylum:

Class:

Order:

Genus:

infected female Anopheles flavirostris mosquito

What is vector of Malarial Parasites? [specific name]

• Plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium knowlesi

Most common malarial parasite [in order]

Plasmodium falciparum

Malignant Tertian Malaria —_{^{every 48hrs, reoccurs every 3 days}}

This malarial parasite causes the most severe form of malaria

state the specific malaria

Plasmodium knowlesi

This malarial parasite infects long-tailed macaque monkeys and may also affect humans

• falciparum —Malignant Tertian Malaria

• _{^{vivax —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{malariae —Benign Quartidian Malaria}}

• _{^{ovale —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{knowlesi —Quotidian Malaria}}

STATE THE MALARIA DISEAES THEY MANIFEST:

• Plasmodium falciparum

• _{^{falciparum —Malignant Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{vivax —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{malariae —Benign Quartidian Malaria}}

• ovale —Benign Tertian Malaria

• _{^{knowlesi —Quotidian Malaria}}

STATE THE MALARIA DISEAES THEY MANIFEST:

• Plasmodium ovale

• _{^{falciparum —Malignant Tertian Malaria}}

• vivax —Benign Tertian Malaria

• _{^{malariae —Benign Quartidian Malaria}}

• _{^{ovale —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{knowlesi —Quotidian Malaria}}

STATE THE MALARIA DISEAES THEY MANIFEST:

• Plasmodium vivax

• _{^{falciparum —Malignant Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{vivax —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• malariae —Benign Quartidian Malaria

• _{^{ovale —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{knowlesi —Quotidian Malaria}}

STATE THE MALARIA DISEAES THEY MANIFEST:

• Plasmodium malariae

• _{^{falciparum —Malignant Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{vivax —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• _{^{malariae —Benign Quartidian Malaria}}

• _{^{ovale —Benign Tertian Malaria}}

• knowlesi —Quotidian Malaria

STATE THE MALARIA DISEAES THEY MANIFEST:

• Plasmodium knowlesi

• Tertian Malaria

  • fever every 48hrs, reoccurs every 3days

• Quartan Malaria

  • fever every 72hrs, reoccurs every 4days

• Quotidian Malaria

  • fever every 24hrs

Differentiate the following:

• Tertian Malaria

• Quartan Malaria

• Quotidian Malaria

Fever becomes intermittent (occurs in random)

What happens when infection of Plasmodium falciparum become severe

• Definitive Host:

  • female Anopheles mosquito

• Sexual Phase

  • invertebrate phase

  • extrinsic phase

  • exogenous phase

• Sporogony

• PRODUCT: Sporozoites

What is the DEFINITIVE HOST of malarial parasite? provide all infos

• Intermediate Host: Human

• Asexual Phase

  • vertebrate phase

  • intrinsic phase

  • endogenous phase

• Schizogony

• PRODUCT: Merozoite

What is the INTERMEDIATE HOST of malarial parasite? provide all infos

• Man

  • sporozoites _{^{[from mosquito]}}

• Mosquito

  • gametocytes _{^{[from man]}}

What morphological stage is infective to:

• Man

• Mosquito

• Relapse Infection

  • P. vivax

  • P. ovale

    _{^{[ang mga OVer kay mag relapse permi]}}

• Recrudescence Infection

  • P. falciparum

  • P. malariae

What malarial parasite causes:

• Relapse Infection

• Recrudescence Infection

Glycophorin receptors

What structure is in the RBC that accounts for the specificity of malarial parasites?

• Plasmodium falciparum

  • all ages _{^{[Fara sa lahat]}}

• Plasmodium vivax

  • all ages _{^{(but usual young/reticulocytes)}}

• Plasmodium malariae

  • old RBC / senescent

• Plasmodium ovale

  • young RBC / reticulocytes

• Plasmodium knowlesi

  • young RBC / reticulocytes

Give the specific type of RBC for each parasite:

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium ovale

• Plasmodium knowlesi

• Plasmodium falciparum

  • Maurer’s dots

    • _{^{Ferdinand Marcos}}

• Plasmodium vivax

  • Schuffner’s dots

    • _{^{Vilma Santos}}

• Plasmodium malariae

  • Ziemann’s dots

    • _{^{Manila Zoo}}

• Plasmodium ovale

  • James’ dots

    • _{^{Orange Juice}}

Give the Malaria Stipplings for each parasite:

• Plasmodium falciparum

• Plasmodium vivax

• Plasmodium malariae

• Plasmodium ovale

• Tachyzoites —fast

  • _{^{Tachy-Tachy dance = paspas}}

• Bradycoites —slow and fat

  • _{^{Si Brady kay obese}}

What are the types of Sporozoites

1. Bradyzoites _{^{—slow and fat}}

2. Hypnozoites _{^{—dormant or resting stage}}

3. When the host is immunocompromised

1. What type of sporozoites stays [stuck] in the hepatocytes

2. This sporozoites turn into, what? [add what stage]

3. When does this stage activates or is triggered?

• Microgametocytes [Male]

  • Process: Exflagellation

  • Brief explanation: _{^{microgametocytes turns into 8 flagellated motile form}}

  • Product: MICROgamete _{^{(mature form)}}

• Macrogametocytes [Female]

  • Process: Maturation

  • Brief explanation: macrogamete matures

  • Product: MACROgamete _{^{(mature form)}}

1. What maturation process does the Microgametocyte and Macrogametocytes undergo to? [include what happens]

2. What is the end product of each maturation process?

• Zygote

  • product of Microgamete + Macrogamete

  • Round NONMOTILE structure

• Ookinete / Travelling Vermicule

  • Elongated MOTILE form of zygote

  • has apical complex

1. What is the the end product when Microgamete and Macrogamete fertilizes?

2. What is the product’s motile form?

• Definitive Host _{^{[Female Anopheles Mosquito]}}

  • Mature Gametes [Gametocytes]

• Intermediate Host _^[Human]

  • Sporozoites —from mosquito

  • Merozoites —-from:

    • Blood Transfusion

    • Organ Transplant

    • Congenital Transmission

What morphological stage is infectious to:

1. Definitive Host

2. Intermediate Host

Merozoite —infects RBC

_{^{NOTE: Merozoites are not seen in PBS}}

What morphological stage initiates the Erythrocytic Phase of infection?

• Plasmodium falciparum

  • drug resistance even after treatment

• Palsmodium malariae

  • long term survival of erythrocytic stage as a low undetectable level in blood

  • lasts up to 60 days

_{^{RECRUDESCENCE is also known as short-term relapse}}

What causes a RECRUDESCENCE infection of:

1. Plasmodium falciparum

2. Palsmodium malariae

Glycophorin Receptors

These are receptors in the RBC that causes the specificity of malarial species

• Duffy Antigen

  • No Duffy Antigen = No infection

• Plasmodium vivax

1. What is the name of the antigen in the RBC that is very specific for a certain malarial specie. Without this, this malaria spp can’t infect the RBC

2. What is the name of this malarial parasite?

Ring Form —_{^{yound trophozoite}}

1. This morphological form is the earliest form to be detected in the Peripheral Blood Smear (PBS)

1. Ring Form

2. It usually indicates a SEVERE MALARIAL INFECTION. Because the later stages _{^{(schizont, gametocytes)}} are normally seen in brain capillaries and other organs.

1. This form is the ONLY FORM to be seen in the PBS for Plasmodium falciparum

2. What does it usually mean if a later morphological stages of Plasmodium falciparum is seen in the PBS. Why?

Hepatic / Erythrocytic SCHIZONT

What morphological stage initiates SCHIZOGONY / Merogony

1. Hemozoin Pigments

2. Usually Brown-Black

3. UNIQUE:

   1. Vivax —yellowish brown

   2. Falciparum —few numbers

1. These are the undigested Hemoglobin

2. What is its usual color?

3. What specific malarial spp has a unique feature for this structure?

• Hemozoin Pigments

  • undigested Hemoglobin

• Malarial Stipplings

  • subtle change in RBC

Differentiate Hemozoin Pigments and Malarial Stipplings

Malarial Stipplings

This structure is to be considered as the HALLMARK OF MALARIAL INFECTION

False

• _{^{Ring form is only seen for falciparum}}

• _{^{Later stages are normally seen in brain and other internal organs}}

• _{^{If schizonts and merozoites are seen in PBS, this indicates a complicated/severe infection}}

T or F:

Schizonts and Merozoites of P. falciparum are seen in PBS

• Round Shape

  • _{^{Except falciparum = cresent shape}}

• Can’t manifest any clinical symptoms, but is important for the transmission into mosquito

• Non-Motile

• Can’t Multiply

• Only mature gametocytes is can be transmitted

Describe Gametocyte

Peripheral Blood Smear

Gold Standard for Malarial spp Laboratory Diagnosis

• Antigen Detection or;

• Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) or;

• Immunochromatographic test (ICTs)

This Laboratory diagnosis procedure is very easy and can be done by non medtech

Valid test; P. falciparum infection

Malaria Rapid Test:

• C = present

• Pan =

• Pf = present

Invalid Test = redo to another kit

_{^{If Control line is not present, the kit is defected}}

Malaria Rapid Test:

• C = None

• Pan = present

• Pf = present

Valid test; Negative for Malarial infection

Malaria Rapid Test:

• C = present

• Pan = None

• Pf = None

Valid Test; Positive for either malariae, vivax, ovale infetion _{^{(ask for MedTech to confirm what malaria)}}

Malaria Rapid Test:

• C = present

• Pan = present

• Pf = none

Valid Test; mixed infection

Malaria Rapid Test:

• C = present

• Pan = present

• Pf = present