Types of Psychology

What did Socrates and Plato believe regarding the mind and body?

They believed that the mind is separate from the body and continues after the body's death.

What was Aristotle's belief about knowledge?

He believed that knowledge isn’t preexisting but grows from memories and experiences.

Who incorporated the idea of the mind as a blank slate?

John Adams.

What did Rene Descartes discover regarding neurons?

He discovered that neurons flow from the brain to the muscle, supporting the idea of the mind's separation from the body.

What is empiricism?

The idea that knowledge comes from personal experience and that observation and experimentation create scientific knowledge.

Who founded the first psychology laboratory?

Wilhelm Wundt.

What was Edward Bradford Titchener known for?

He created structuralism with Wundt to understand human behavior and thoughts.

What major association did Stanley Hall create in the U.S.?

He created the American Psychological Association (APA) and started the first laboratory in the U.S.

What did William James contribute to psychology?

He created the concept of functionalism influenced by Darwin's idea of natural selection.

Who was Mary Calkins?

She was the first woman president of the APA who was denied a Harvard degree.

Who was the first woman to receive a psychology degree?

Margaret Washburn.

What is John Watson known for in psychology?

He was one of the creators of behaviorism and studied conditioned responses by observing babies.

What did B.F. Skinner contribute to psychology?

He was a creator of behaviorism and believed that consequences of actions affect behavior.

What is Ivan Pavlov best known for?

He created the idea of classical conditioning where a neutral stimulus is associated with another stimulus to produce behavior.

What area of psychology did Sigmund Freud study?

He studied the unconscious mind and childhood experiences.

Who were the founders of humanistic psychology?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

What is the modern definition of psychology?

The science of behavior and mental processes.

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Generate a question.

What is the nature-nurture issue?

It is a controversy over the roles of genes and societal experiences in psychological development.

What does epigenetics refer to?

How environmental factors affect changes in gene activity without altering the DNA sequence.

What does structuralism emphasize in psychology?

Introspection, or asking individuals to reflect on their thoughts.

What does functionalism focus on?

How mental and physical processes function in adapting to a certain environment.

What does behaviorism study?

The observable behavior of people through analysis and observation.

What does humanistic psychology emphasize?

The potential well-being of individuals and the influence of environment on personal growth.

What does cognitive neuroscience study?

The connection between brain activity and cognition (the mind).

What is cognitive psychology?

The scientific study of mental activities related to thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

What does evolutionary psychology study?

The evolution of behavior and mind based on natural selection principles.

What is psychodynamic psychology?

The study of how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior.

What does educational psychology focus on?

How psychological processes can enhance teaching and learning.

What do personality psychologists study?

Characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

What does social-cultural psychology investigate?

How cultural and situational influences affect behavior and thinking.

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

An approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors influencing behavior.

What is psychometrics?

A branch of psychology focused on measuring abilities and traits.

What role do psychiatrists have in psychology?

They diagnose and treat patients and provide psychotherapy.

What is the difference between basic research and applied research?

Basic research aims for pure science, while applied research seeks practical applications.

Who are biological psychologists?

They explore connections between the mind and the brain.

What do developmental psychologists focus on?

How individuals change and grow mentally throughout their lives.

What is positive psychology?

The study of human functioning that promotes strengths and virtues for betterment of the community.

What is the focus of community psychologists?

They study social environments to improve individual well-being.

What is the role of clinical psychologists?

They treat people with mental disorders without prescribing medication.