AP Biology Review - Vocabulary

Flashcards covering vocabulary terms from the AP Biology review lecture notes.

Primary Protein Structure

Amino acid sequence

Tertiary Protein Structure

Proteins become 3-D (globular) due to R group interactions

Secondary Protein Structure

Alpha helix or beta-pleated sheet

Quaternary Protein Structure

Several tertiary proteins together (several domains)

Nucleotide

Phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base

DNA

Genetic storage, double helix, A=T, C=G

RNA

Protein synthesis, single helix, A=U, C=G

Dehydration Synthesis

Building by removing H2O

Hydrolysis

Breaking down/digestion by adding H2O

Catabolic

Digestion, releases energy, exergonic, spontaneous

Anabolic

Synthesis, requires energy, endergonic, non-spontaneous

Enzymes

Biological catalysts, catalytic proteins

Active Site

The location where the substrate binds on an enzyme.

Competitive Inhibition

Molecular mimic binds and occupies the active site, blocking the substrate.

Non-competitive Inhibition

Product of reaction binds to allosteric site, altering enzyme & active site.

Simple Diffusion

Small, nonpolar molecules directly pass through the membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

Transport protein required. High moves to low concentration.

Active Transport

Low to high concentration movement that requires energy.

Electrogenic Pumps

Ion transport; creates membrane potential

Osmosis

Movement of water from high to low concentration.

Hypotonic

Low solute concentration, high water concentration

Isotonic

Equal water, equal solute concentration.

Hypertonic

High solute concentration, low water concentration.

Prokaryotic Cells

Unicellular, simplistic, circular chromosomes. Does NOT contain membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Uni- or multi-cellular, complex cells. DOES contain membrane-bound organelles.

Smooth ER

Detoxification, lipid synthesis

Lysosomes

Apoptosis, digestion

Chloroplast

Photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Cell respiration

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars (smallest). Provide energy production

Disaccharides

Transport sugars

Polysaccharides

Storage (glycogen & starch) and Structure (cellulose + cell walls)

Lipids

Energy storage (long term)

Saturated Fatty Acids

Solid, max # of H's

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Liquid, double C=C Bond.

Protein Functions

Storage, structure, hormones, transport, defense, receptors, locomotion, enzymes