Imperialism/ Colonialism/ Control

Communism in China

• Led by Mao Zedong —--> became peoples republic of china 

  • Nationalized and industrialized under 5 year plan 

  • Mao great leap forward 

    • Land reforms

    • Peasants land into communes

    • State=state held 

    • Leads to starvation and over 20 million deaths 

  • Cultural revolution 

    • Mao way of getting people to love communism 

    • Failed

  • Red guard sent revolting students to reeducation camp

    • Manual labor 

• Hostile towards USSR 

• Tiananmen Square: The Tiananmen Square massacre, also known as the June Fourth Incident, occurred in Beijing, China, on June 3-4, 1989, as a response to student-led pro-democracy protests in Tiananmen Square. The Chinese government deployed the People's Liberation Army (PLA) to clear the square, resulting in a violent crackdown that led to the deaths of hundreds of protesters and onlookers.

Communism in Cuba

• Fidel Castro led communist revolution against gov.

  • Set up dictatorship 

  • Nationalized some US corporations so US cut ties 

  • Castro then accepted foreign aid from USSR 

• Bay of Pigs crisis 

  • JFK worried abt missiles 

  • Failed CIA mission to train a group of Cuban exiles to overthrow gov.

• Cuban Missile Crisis 

  • After Bay of Pigs soviets sent missiles to cuba 

  • Kennedy finds out so sent navy this was an act of war

  • After 13 days they were able to settle negotiations

  • Creation of Hotline telegraph to make communication between US and USSR easier

Socialist Reforms in Egypt

• Gained independence from ottoman empire in 1922 

  • Great Britain had a lot of control of egypt after this tho 

• Anglo-Egyptian treaty gave Egypt more rights 

  • However Great Britain could keep troops on Suez canal 

• Gamal Abdel Naser became President and sought to assert Egypt's sovereignty, implementing land reforms and nationalizing the Suez Canal → Israel backed by Brit. and France → military + diplomatic crisis → U.S + UN helps Egypt → egypt obtains control

• After WW2

Germany during the Cold War

• Berlin wall 

  • Berlin blockade

  • Leads to Berlin airlift 

• “Two Germanies” 

  • After blockade germany split in 2

  • West germany= capitalist 

  • East germany= communist 

Nicaragua: Contra War

• FSNL (Sandinista National liberation front comm ) overthrew US. backed Somoza dictatorship (bad and abused human rights)-> Sandinista implemented communist reforms

• U.S supported Contras as guerrilla fighters -> Tela accord → Sandinista lost power -> war = shattered economy + damaged infrastructure -> poorest country today

Angola Civil War

Started after gaining independence from Portugal = struggle between political groups; MPLA (comm) backed by USSR and Cuba against UNITA (anti) backed by U.S to stop comm -> Guerrilla warfare + violence -> peace agreement -> rivalry left Angola in destruction and political  disarray

Afghanistan invasion 

• Afghan (considered buffer zone) faces rebellion from Mujahideen resisting the communist government

• Soviets raid Afghan = communism v. Muslim (2 mill died + fleeing) -> Soviets couldn't beat guerrilla fighters + economics decrease

Korea

• After WW2 Korea was split North to the USSR and South to U.S -> North invaded South to reunite under communism

• -USSR boycotts security council which voted to protect the South -> 16 nations sent troops for South -> North pushed into its borders by then aligns with north China -> 3 year war + 4 million deaths -> stalemate

Vietnam 

• France tried holding Indochina -> Viet Minh fought back -> split of communists north under Ho Chi Minh + non-communist south under Ngo Dinh Diem

• Einshenhower followed containment and sent advisors (guerrilla fighters) + JFK increased advisors -> South was not democratic with a dictator -> Buddhists self-immolated -> U.S L

• escalated involvement after Gulf of Tonkin incident - U.S. combat troops deployed in 1965 -> extensive bombing campaigns and guerrilla warfare - anti-war protests grew in the U.S

• 1973 withdrawal and fall of Saigon in 1975 where the north captured a South capital

Facism in Russia

• Lenin with promise of peace, land and bread 

  • Failure led to civil war 

• Lenin realises things are bad so implements New Economic Plan (NEP)

  • Reintroduced private trade

• Stalin= dictator for 30 years 

  • 5 year plan to industrialize 

  • Collectivization 

  • Punished opposition by sending them to gulags 

  • Holodomor- forced famine in Ukraine

Fascism in Spain

• Spanish republic formed in 1931

• Spanish elect Popular front (left-winged)

  • Land reforms

• Catholic church and military hate popular front 

  • Military rises against popular front starting a civil war 

  • Francisco Franco led nationalists 

  • Franco defeated loyalists and then ruled as a dictator

Fascism in Italy

• Glorification of military 

• Benito Mussolini started National Fascist Party in Italy 

  • Totalitarian 

  • Gained power cause Italy was bitter at not gaining land in WW1 

  • Relied heavily on propaganda 

  • Allied with Hitler in 1936 

Imperialism in South Africa (Boer Wars)

Dutch to British power controlling Cape Town -> Boers (SA dutch) moved northeast and discovered diamonds and gold -> British fought war to gain rights -> won

Imperialism in Egypt

Napoleon tried taking over France -> Muhammad Ali defeats France -> GB seizes control -> Creates the Suez Canal to save trips to the East -> Used Corvee laborers by force (1.5 mil died)

Imperialism in Africa

Drove out Ottomans out of Algeria -> Settler Colony -> Trading posts in Ivory Coast and Niger to compete with GB

Berlin Conference

Germany Otto Von Bismarck used conference to orderly colonize Africa + made colonial boundaries -> Liberia (home for former US slaves) and Ethiopia were unclaimed

Congo

•  King Leopold II wanted Belgium to colonize Congo so he used his own money (1.1 bil) -> harvested in ivory and rubber -> slave (beaten, scared, killed) -> 8 million Africans died -> Belgium took over the Congo 

China

• Opium Wars: British wanted to trade with China (who didnt value European resources) -> brought Opium = widespread addiction -> seized from China -> British brought a war against them -> China forced to sign unequal Treaty of Nanjing to expand trade with Britain -> Hong Kong = crown possession of GB -> Second Opium War when Brits. Tried expanding trade agan -> China L

• Sino-French War: Chinese lost control of Vietnam

• Treaty of Shimonoseki: China forced to give control of Taiwan to Japan + trading rights

Japan

• Treaty of Kanagawa: Trade agreement with the West -> Samurai revolted  

• Meiji Restoration: industrialized + abolished Samurai class -> took over Korea -> Military pageantry became a cultural movement -> powerful enough to reduce Western + European influence

Latin America

• US=investments in Cuba and Mexico 

  • Built railroads

  • Mining guano 

  • 1823 Monroe Doctrine= declares western hemisphere closed of from European colonization 

• GB=invested in Argentina and helped with famine, railroads, telegraphs, and ports

• Mining in Chile= agriculture + mining of copper made Chile dependent on Spain 

• Rubber in Brazil= declined after rubber found in malaysia 

• Central America and the Caribbean= united fruit company worked with US 

  • “ Banana Republic”= countries under economic power of foreign corporations