Upland Management Basics

Historical Upland Management =

Control of Processes

Singular focus of upland management

Causes a loss of diversity in species, community, and ecosystem

The viewpoints are changing away from

anthropocentric resourcism towards a sustainable view that requires plans for long term, understanding resource are exhaustible, and technology cannot continue to extend limits

What are the two primary approaches for wildlife management

Direct by manipulating animal/population or indirect by habitat manipulation that has to be intentional

What is ancillary indirect management

improvements resulting from another primary land use process

What are the two main philosophies for management for biodiversity

Protection or intervention

Traditionally what is viewed as two ends of the management spectrum

Featured Species (max individuals) vs Species Richness (max species)

Managing for high population

benefits other species too

Management for “rare” habitat

benefits others with similar needs

management for richness (emphasis on max edge)

means high richness/many species

How does managing for edge species affect interior species

they will suffer

What is an indicator species

A species that occupies the same area and indicates the quality of habitat at a certain stage or particular component

Indicator species can be

Stenotopic, a biodiversity indicator, or a monitoring tool

Area sensitivity refers to

species with a patch-size requirement and generally refers to large species, ones that have migration or seasonal movements, or small species with specific habitat requirements

Keystone species

Not always the most common species but ones that are vital to system integrity and loss of them starts a cascade of additional losses

What are flagship species

charismatic megafauna with high publicity value

What are umbrella species

species with large habitat spatial needs which means habitat for lesser or unknown species are protected with them

What things should management goals consider

edge vs interior species, fragmentation, home ranges, and minimum viable populaitons

what is the minimum viable population

the minimum number of individuals needed for their reproductive strategy and maintain genetic diversity

edge vs interior species is actually an issue of

fragmentation and relates to the size of the species involved

Successional stages vary by

habitat type and geography

What is the four-stage process of forest succession?

Bare ground/Stand initiation → Stem exclusion → Understory re-initiation → Old growth

to manage for interior species you need

large intact forest stands with uniformity or fewer successional stages

to manage for exterior species you need

max fragmentation to increase edge and have diversity or multiple successional stages

What is the difference between fragmentation and patches

fragmented means an unnaturally segmented area of previously intact area, patchy means natural gradation of successional stages across a given area

What are the methods/processes of fragmentation

Regressive, enveloping, divisive, intrusive, and encroaching fragmentation

How does fragmentation work

it causes loss or insularization from the exclusion of remaining patches, decreased patch size, and increasing risk of isolated populations

what are the two styles of fragmentation

hard or soft fragmentation

when do patches have no interior

ones less than 100 ha or 250 acres

The edge effect continues into the patch at

generally 2-3 tree heights into patch