MSU AGR504 Final

What are the 5 "diagnostic methods"?

1. syndrome or pattern recognition (arrives at diagnosis quickly)

2. hypothetico-deductive reasoning (hypothesis)

3. Algorithm method (follows actual list of questions/ rule-outs)

4. Key Abnormality method (5 step in depth examination)

5. Database method (compare listed problems to diagnostic database)

What are the 3 parts to a clinical exam?

1. history taking

2. examination of the animal

3. examination of the environment

What is productivity?

growth rates, milk production, race times, etc.

What are the most important parts of taking a history?

establish definitive timeline and ask open-ended questions first

What is the difference in morbidity and mortality?

Morbidity = percentage of animals that are clinically affected compared with the total number of animals exposed

Mortality = percentage of all exposed animals that die of the disease of interest

What is a fever?

elevated body temperature WITHOUT an elevated ambient temperature

What is epidemiology?

distribution and determinants of health and disease in groups

What is polypharmacy?

treating for the most likely cause

What is the proper procedure for disinfecting a floor? (Like the order)

clean first, then disinfect

What is the normal heart rate, respiration, body temperature for Cattle?

Temp: 101.5 F

Heart rate: 60-80 (adults)

100-120 (calves)

Respiration: 10-30 bpm

What is the normal heart rate, respiration, body temperature for Pigs?

Temp: 102 F

Heart rate: 70-90 bpm

Respiration: 10-20 bpm

What is the normal heart rate, respiration, body temperature for Sheep?

Temp: 102 F

Heart rate: 70-90 bpm

Respiration: 10-20 bpm

What is the normal heart rate, respiration, body temperature for goats?

Temp: 103 F

Heart rate: 70 - 90 bpm

Respiration: 25-35 bpm

What is the normal heart rate, respiration, body temperature for horses?

Temp: 100.5 F

Heart rate: 30=40 bpm (adults)

70-80 bpm (foals)

Respiration: 8-16 bpm

What is biosecurity? What is biocontainment?

Biosecurity: all the things done to try to keep an area disease free

Biocontainment: practices intended to minimize transmission of disease-causing

agents that are already present

How long should a new animal be isolated from the herd?

14-28 days

What disinfectants can be safely used on skin?

Alcohols

Biguanides (Chlorhexidine)

What are the mechanisms of heat GAIN?

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Exercise

Growth

Lactation

Gestation

Feeding

What are the mechanisms of heat LOSS?

Radiation

Conduction

Convection

Evaporation

Milk removal

Fecal elimination

Urine elimination

What are the mechanisms of heat production?

Shivering

non-shivering

Who is most likely to suffer from heat exhaustion?

Lactating animals

Neurogenic

Dehydrated

Fescue toxicity

Mycotoxins

Why are neonates more susceptible to hypothermia?

Neonatal

Post-shearing sheep

Animals with another disease

What are you likely to see with a lightning strike?

Several animals dead in a pasture

fractures

residual paralysis

superficial burns

What species does not have brown fat?

Pigs

What is pain and what does it look like in livestock?

Protective mechanism

Behavior

increased heart rate and blood pressure

sweating

pupil dilation

increased body temp

What are the different avenues to manage pain in livestock?

local anesthetics

NSAIDs (Bute)

Alpha 2 agonists

Opioids

NMDA receptor antagonists (ketamine)

GABA

How do you evaluate hydration status?

Wrinkling of skin

Degree of recession of the eye

What is the best indicator of hydration status in a dairy calf?

Wrinkling of skin

What is the maximum administration rate for giving potassium IV?

<3.2 mL/kg/hour

What are the types of allergic reactions? Which type in anaphylaxis? How is it treated best?

What are the types of shock? There's 4, understand an example of each!

1. Hypovolemic (loss of blood, plasma, or water)

2. Hemorrhagic (rapid blood loss)

3. Maldistributive (blood pooling in a 3rd space like thorax or abdomen)

4. Obstructive (decreased blood volume return to the heart because of a mechanical obstruction)

What leads to hypothermia?

Exposure to low environmental temperatures

What leads to hyperthermia?

Exposure to high environmental temperatures

What causes a fever?

Bacteria

Abscess

Septic

Chemicals

Immune reactions

Necrosis

Cancer

What ion is responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure?

Sodium

What antibiotic can cause side effects in HUMANS if accidentally injected? What side effect is it?

Micotil

Death

What are the major livestock species?

Cattle

Pigs

Chickens

Turkeys

Which are "minor" species? When does that matter?

Horses

Sheep

Goats

etc.

What antibiotics are PROHIBITED for use in food animals? Which ones are prohibited for off-label use in food animals?

Chloramphenicol, clenbuterol, DES, Fluoroquinolones, glycopeptides (vancomycin),Nitroimidazoles, Medicated feeds, Nitrofurans

Fluoroquinolones

Are there any antibiotics given via an unusual route?

Cephalosporins

What is metaphylaxis?

mass medication for cattle, respiratory disease

What is AMDUCA?

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

What is extra label drug use?

The use of a drug in a manner other than that listed on its label

Which antibiotic class is ototoxic and nephrotoxic?

Aminoglycosides/Aminocyclitols

Which antibiotic class can damage the enamel of young, growing animals?

Tetracyclines

Which antibiotic class can cause cartilage damage?

Fluoroquinolones

What are the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

Natural or intrinsic (predictable)

Mutational (unpredictable)

Extrachromosomal (acquired)

What antibiotic turns body fluids orange? Is it allowed in any livestock species?

Rifampin

What antibiotic is given SQ behind the ear in cattle?

Cephalosporins

What antibiotic has 0 day milk withholding?

Naxcel (cephalosporin)

Are the "label dose" and the "recommended dose" always the same?

Label dose = dose stated on the label, legal dose

Recommended dose = typically gives effected blood/tissue levels of a drug with minimal negative effects to the host

What plants cause slobbers?

Legume pastures contaminated with mycotoxin from Rhizoctonia

What are the clinical signs seen with slobbers and what is the name of the actual toxin?

profuse salivation 4-6 hours after ingestion

Slaframine toxicosis

How do we commonly administer antibiotics to pigs (other than via an injection) and WHY do we do that way?

in the water

Treat the whole herd and so it doesn't contaminate the meat

How does the shape (contour) of the abdomen change in cattle with different GI conditions?

Unilateral

Bilateral

Symmetrical

Asymmetrical

"Apple-shaped"

"Pear-shaped"

What is the difference in free-gas bloat and frothy bloat? How do you treat each one?

Frothy= foam traps the ruminal gasses

Antifoaming agents, increase available roughage

Free-gas= Secondary bloat

pass a stomach tube to relive gas

What is the most economically important enteric disease of growing pigs?

Swine dysentery

What often results in an epidemic of transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs? (hint: its management related)

treat the entire group

What diets are more likely to lead to the development of frothy bloat?

Forages or rations high in grain content

What causes Johne's Disease?

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis

What is rumen overload?

acute rumen acidosis

What are the clinical signs of Johne's?

Diarrhea

Weight loss

Bottle Jaw

Lowered milk production

What species is Johne's seen in?

Cattle

What does BVDV cause in addition to diarrhea? How is it transmitted?

persistently infected calves

fever

oral erosions

direct contact or contact with contaminated objects

What is colic? What does it look like?

abdominal pain

rolling

restlessness

changes in eating and drinking

bite at stomach

What species are we thinking about when we say they have colic?

Horses

Why is colic economically important?

leading cause of death in horses

What are some risk factors for the development of gastric ulcers in horses?

Diet

Feeding schedule

Exercise

Environment

What is "lumpy jaw"? How is it treated?

Wounds in the oral mucosa allowing bacteria to penetrate

surgery, iodides, antibiotics

What is "wooden tongue"? How is it treated?

bacteria infection that causes the tongue to swell and hang out of the mouth

iodides and antibitocs

What is the scientific name for the "barber pole worm"?

Haemonchus contortus

What's FAMACHA scoring?

a method for assessing anemia in sheep and goats by examining the color of the mucous membranes of their eyes

How can we treat coccidia?

supportive care and coccidiostats

What can causes vesicular lesions or oral ulcerations in livestock? (bacteria, viruses, plants, etc - list them all)

Trauma

bacterial infection

viral infection

fungal infection

Are any of the disease discussed in the GI section zoonotic?

Salmonellosis

Rotaviruses

Cryptosporidiosis

What causes rectal strictures in pigs?

salmonella

usually seen 10 days post diet change

What does Clostridium perfringens cause in sheep/goats? Can it be prevented?

overeating disease

vaccine available

What are the primary functions of the GI tract?

Prehension

Digestion

Absorption of food and water

Maintenance of the internal environment

What can you do to decrease the chance of gastric ulcers developing in swine?

improve diet and reduce stress

Edema disease is seen in what species at what age?

Swine

weaning and growing pigs

What is the intermediate host for tapeworms in livestock?

orbatid mite

Who are the "pseudoruminants"?

Llamas

Alpacas

Which equine parasites undergo hypobiosis and why do we care?

Strongylosis

Can cause colic

What can humans get from eating raw pig liver?

acute hepatitis

What are the clinical signs of liver failure/dysfunction?

Jaundice

Pain

Swelling

Vomiting

What is jaundice?

yellow discoloration of unpigmented skin

What is photosensitization? What is the plant component that causes it?

breakdown product of

chlorophyll

What are the 3 categories of icterus and what is the causes of each?

prehepatic (hemolytic)

Hepatic (hepatocellular)

Postheptic (cholestatic)

What is the best in clinic test for liver disease in cattle?

Ultrasound and Lab tests

What liver value is typically extremely high in patients with PSS?

Ammonia

What causes' Theiler's disease? What's the other name for it? What species is it typically seen in?

tetanus antitoxin or blood/plasma transfusion

Serum Hepatitis

Horses

What organisms causes liver abscesses?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

What organism causes foot rot, laryngeal necrobacillosis and liver abscesses?

Fusobacterium necrophorum

What does Clostridium haemolyticum cause?

Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (Red Water Disease)

What does C. novyi cause?

Infectious Necrotic Hepatitis (Black disease)

What plants contain PA's? What do those toxins actually do?

Crotalaria, Heliotriopium

Hepatic encephalopathy, jaundice, photosensitization

What is the intermediate host of liver flukes?

snail

In what species is Monensin cardiotoxic?

horses

What cardiotoxin does Yew contain?

Taxine B

Where are cardiac glycosides found?

Milkweed

Foxglove

Azalea/rhodendron