disorders + treatments retake

Psychological Disorder

A disorder that affects a person’s cognition or emotional state and influences their daily life.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, fidgeting, and impulsivity.

Medical Model

The concept that psychological disorders are caused by physical factors and can be treated medically in a hospital.

DSM-5

The American Psychiatric Association's fifth edition outlining psychological disorders, their symptoms, and tendencies.

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by persistent stress and paranoia.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by distressing feelings.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by sudden intense episodes of paranoia.

Phobia

An anxiety disorder characterized by a specific fear.

Social Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder characterized by stress in social situations leading to isolation.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by repetitive actions or unwanted thoughts.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

An anxiety disorder following a traumatic event, with flashbacks.

Posttraumatic Growth

The positive psychological change resulting from processing a traumatic event.

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder with symptoms like lack of interest, affecting daily life.

Mania

A mood disorder with hyper behavior and excessive optimism.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder alternating between depressive and manic episodes.

Rumination

Overthinking about problems in life.

Schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder with symptoms like disorganized thoughts and hallucinations.

Psychosis

A disorder causing a disconnect from reality.

Delusions

False beliefs often associated with schizophrenia.

Hallucination

Experiencing something without sensory basis, like seeing things not there.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Claiming bodily sensations without physical cause.

Conversion Disorder

Genuine bodily symptoms without physical explanation.

Illness Anxiety Disorder

Convincing oneself of having an illness due to stress.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders where conscious awareness is separated from thoughts or feelings.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Expressing multiple personalities and alternating between them.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder involving strict dieting close to starvation.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder with binge-eating followed by purging.

Binge-Eating Disorder

Excessive eating as an eating disorder.

Personality Disorders

Disorders affecting social functioning.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of moral conscience.

agoraphobia

an anxiety disorder that causes avoiding the location at which a traumatic or significant event took place

psychotherapy

therapy that utilizes psychological techniques

biomedical therapy

prescribing of medications to treat psychological disorders or disorders in general

eclectic approach

a combination of two or more different types of therapies depending on the patient/client’s needs

psychoanalysis

a psychotherapy in which the therapist works to uncover the patient’s unconscious thoughts and motives through several techniques such as free association

resistance

when a patient shows hesitation when talking about something when being psychoanalyzed, the therapist interprets that as something they are protecting themselves against in order to reduce anxiety

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the meaning the therapist derives from the patient’s actions and what it reveals about their unconscious

transference

in psychoanalysis, the transfer of feelings about someone in the patient’s life to their therapist

psychodynamic therapy

a therapy derived from psychoanalysis that focuses on uncovering unconscious motives and childhood experiences

insight therapies

therapies that strive to unleash something hidden in a patient’s thoughts

client centered therapy

a humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers that uses techniques such as active listening and unconditional positive regard

active listening

a technique used in client-centered therapy where the therapist only interrupts to restate or validate the patient

unconditional positive regard

a technique used in client-centered therapy where the therapist displays a caring and nonjudgmental attitude

behavior therapy

therapy with the purpose of changing the patient’s undesired behaviors

counterconditioning

a behavior therapy that associates a new response to a triggering stimulus

systematic desensitization

a behavior therapy where the subject is exposed to more and more triggering stimuli until they no longer exhibit the undesired response

virtual reality exposure therapy

a type of exposure therapy that has patients virtually interact with what they are afraid of; used when actual exposure is inaccessible

aversive conditioning

behavior therapy that associates something undesirable with an unwanted behavior, decreasing the frequency of the behavior

token economy

a token economy is a system in which a person earns tokens for exhibiting a desired behavior, and can trade in a certain amount of those tokens for a reward such as candy

cognitive therapy

a therapy that focuses on changing how a person thinks about things

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a cognitive therapy that directly challenges a person’s thoughts by showing them how irrational they are

cognitive-behavioral therapy

a cognitive therapy that strives to change a person’s way of thinking and their behaviors

group therapy

a therapy that takes advantage of a group setting, resulting in people feeling less alone in their situations

family therapy

a therapy in which a family is a unit and each member’s actions are targeted to another member or caused by another member

regression toward the mean

tendency of extreme scores in a score set to fall back to the average score

meta-analysis

a technique that combines the results of numerous research studies

evidence-based practice

integrating the best available research with professional opinion and a patient’s specific needs

therapeutic alliance

the trusting and respectful relationship between a therapist and patient

resilience

the personal strength someone requires to get through something difficult

psychopharmacology

the study of the effect of pharmaceuticals on a person’s brain

antipsychotic drugs

drugs that treat psychotic disorders by causing less of a response to irrelevant stimuli

antianxiety drugs

drugs that treat persistent feelings of anxiety by inhibiting nervous system activity

antidepressant drugs

drugs that treat persistent depression symptoms by increasing serotonin levels

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

a form of ECT that includes the application of back-to-back magnetic pulses to the brain, which stimulates nerve cells that are suppressed due to depression and calms the parts that are overactive

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

lobotomy

a procedure was once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by cutting the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain