outward force that blood exerts on walls of arteries
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2
What does systolic measure?
pressure when heart contracts
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3
What does diastolic measure?
pressure between heartbeats
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4
What is a normal systolic measurement?
120 mmHg and below
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5
What is a normal diastolic measurement
180 mmHg and below
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6
What systolic measurement is considered hypertensive crisis?
180 mmHg and above
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7
What diastolic measurement is considered hypertensive crisis?
120 mmHg and above
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8
What is hypertension?
Persistent High Blood Pressure
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9
What is the meaning of the prefix anti-?
against
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10
What is the meaning of the prefix hyper-?
above
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11
What is the meaning of the suffix -tensive?
stretching
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12
Using word parts, what is the meaning of the word anti- hyper- -tensive?
stretching beyond as it relates to against it.
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13
Which organ releases Renin?
kidneys
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14
Which organ releases angiotensinogen?
liver
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15
Which organ releases angiotensin converting enzyme?
lungs
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16
Which organ releases aldosterone?
adrenal glands
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17
In the bloodstream, what is the product of renin and angiotensinogen?
angiotensin I
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18
In the bloodstream, what is the product of angiotensin I and angiotensinogen converting enzyme?
angiotensin II
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19
What effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?
vasoconstriction
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20
What is vasoconstriction?
narrowing of blood vessels
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21
What is the effect of angiotensin II on the adrenal glands?
signal release of aldosterone
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22
What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?
increase the reabsorption of Na+ and water
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23
What is the role of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the body?
increase blood pressure
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24
What are the organs of the Central Nervous System?
brain and spinal cord
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25
What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System?
nerve tissue/neurons found outside of the brain and spinal cord
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26
What are the 2 parts of the Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
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27
What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?
conscious activity
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28
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
controls involuntary actions; unconscious actions
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What are the 2 parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System
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30
What is simple description of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
rest and digest
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31
What is a simple description of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
fight or flight
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32
What are the two catecholamines associated with Sympathetic Nervous System?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
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33
Which is another name for epinephrine?
adrenaline
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34
What is another name for norepinephrine?
noradrenaline
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35
Is the catecholamine epinephrine mostly a hormone or a neurotransmitter?
this catecholamine mostly a hormone
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Is the catecholamine norepinephrine mostly a hormone or a neurotransmitter?
this catecholamine mostly a hormone
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Is the catecholamine epinephrine released from the adrenal glands or released in the nerves?
this catecholamine released from the adrenal glands
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Is the catecholamine norepinephrine released from the adrenal glands or released in the nerves?
this catecholamine is released in the nerves
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Is the catecholamine epinephrine released continuously or in times of stress?
this catecholamine is released during times of stress
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40
Is the catecholamine norpinephrine released continuously or in times of stress?
this catecholamine is released continously
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41
Which beta receptors are located on the heart and kidneys
beta 1 receptors
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42
Which beta receptors are located on adipose tissue?
beta 3 receptors
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43
Which beta receptors are located on the lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, blood vessels, and gastrointestinal tract?
beta 2 receptors
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44
Which calcium channels are located on brain tissue, cardiac muscle, pancreas, retina and skeletal muscle?
L Type calcium channels
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Which calcium channels are located on the liver, neurons and the sinus node of the heart?
T Type calcium channel
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46
What type of calcium channels are located on the adrenal glands?
Both L type and T type calcium channels
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47
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
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48
In the nephron, what is the name of the process that removes almost all of the solutes, but not the red blood cells, white blood cells or the proteins?
process of filtration
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49
In the nephron, what is the name of the process that returns solutes and water from the tubules to the bloodstream?
process of reabsorption
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50
In the nephron, what is the name of the process that removes waste, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and H⁺, K⁺ and NH₄⁺ from the bloodstream into the tubules
process of secretion
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51
What is the meaning of the abbreviation ACE inhibitor?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
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What is the meaning of the abbreviation ARBs?
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
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53
What is the suffix for ACE Inhibitors?
suffix is -pril
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54
What is the suffix for ARBs?
suffix is -sartan
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55
What is the ending for beta blockers?
suffix is -lol
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56
What is the ending for beta 1 selective beta blockers?
suffix is -olol
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What is the ending for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
suffix is -dipine
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58
What is the boxed warning on ACE Inhibitors and ARBs?
Fetal Toxicity (teratogen)
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What is an auxiliary label for ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers and Calcium Channel Blockers?
May cause dizziness / drowsiness
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60
Beta-1 Selective and Beta Non-Selective are 2 categories for which class of antihypertensive medications?
Beta Blockers
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Dihydropyridines and NonDihydropyridines are 2 categories of which class of antihypertensive medications?
Calcium Channel Blockers
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62
In the nephron, what ion does water follow?
Na⁺
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63
What is the function of diuretics?
to decrease blood volume
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64
Which diuretic acts in the ascending nephron loop to inhibit reabsorption of K⁺ and Cl⁻?
Loop Diuretics
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65
Which diuretic acts in the proximal convoluted tubule, descending nephron loop and the collecting duct to inhibit reabsorption of water?
Osmotic Diuretics
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66
Which diuretic acts in the collecting duct to inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺ but also increases reabsorption of K⁺?
Potassium Sparing Diuretic
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67
Which diuretic acts in the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit reabsorption of Cl⁻?
Thiazide and Thiazide Like Diuretics
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68
Which diuretic acts in the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻?
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Flashcard (72)