ABCDs of Cardiovascular Medications

Terms, Site of Action, Mechanism of Action

What is blood pressure?

outward force that blood exerts on walls of arteries

What does systolic measure?

pressure when heart contracts

What does diastolic measure?

pressure between heartbeats

What is a normal systolic measurement?

120 mmHg and below

What is a normal diastolic measurement

180 mmHg and below

What systolic measurement is considered hypertensive crisis?

180 mmHg and above

What diastolic measurement is considered hypertensive crisis?

120 mmHg and above

What is hypertension?

Persistent High Blood Pressure

What is the meaning of the prefix anti-?

against

What is the meaning of the prefix hyper-?

above

What is the meaning of the suffix -tensive?

stretching

Using word parts, what is the meaning of the word anti- hyper- -tensive?

stretching beyond as it relates to against it.

Which organ releases Renin?

kidneys

Which organ releases angiotensinogen?

liver

Which organ releases angiotensin converting enzyme?

lungs

Which organ releases aldosterone?

adrenal glands

In the bloodstream, what is the product of renin and angiotensinogen?

angiotensin I

In the bloodstream, what is the product of angiotensin I and angiotensinogen converting enzyme?

angiotensin II

What effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?

vasoconstriction

What is vasoconstriction?

narrowing of blood vessels

What is the effect of angiotensin II on the adrenal glands?

signal release of aldosterone

What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?

increase the reabsorption of Na+ and water

What is the role of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the body?

increase blood pressure

What are the organs of the Central Nervous System?

brain and spinal cord

What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System?

nerve tissue/neurons found outside of the brain and spinal cord

What are the 2 parts of the Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?

conscious activity

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

controls involuntary actions; unconscious actions

What are the 2 parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System

What is simple description of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

rest and digest

What is a simple description of the Sympathetic Nervous System?

fight or flight

What are the two catecholamines associated with Sympathetic Nervous System?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which is another name for epinephrine?

adrenaline

What is another name for norepinephrine?

noradrenaline

Is the catecholamine epinephrine mostly a hormone or a neurotransmitter?

this catecholamine mostly a hormone

Is the catecholamine norepinephrine mostly a hormone or a neurotransmitter?

this catecholamine mostly a hormone

Is the catecholamine epinephrine released from the adrenal glands or released in the nerves?

this catecholamine released from the adrenal glands

Is the catecholamine norepinephrine released from the adrenal glands or released in the nerves?

this catecholamine is released in the nerves

Is the catecholamine epinephrine released continuously or in times of stress?

this catecholamine is released during times of stress

Is the catecholamine norpinephrine released continuously or in times of stress?

this catecholamine is released continously

Which beta receptors are located on the heart and kidneys

beta 1 receptors

Which beta receptors are located on adipose tissue?

beta 3 receptors

Which beta receptors are located on the lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, blood vessels, and gastrointestinal tract?

beta 2 receptors

Which calcium channels are located on brain tissue, cardiac muscle, pancreas, retina and skeletal muscle?

L Type calcium channels

Which calcium channels are located on the liver, neurons and the sinus node of the heart?

T Type calcium channel

What type of calcium channels are located on the adrenal glands?

Both L type and T type calcium channels

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

nephron

In the nephron, what is the name of the process that removes almost all of the solutes, but not the red blood cells, white blood cells or the proteins?

process of filtration

In the nephron, what is the name of the process that returns solutes and water from the tubules to the bloodstream?

process of reabsorption

In the nephron, what is the name of the process that removes waste, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and H⁺, K⁺ and NH₄⁺ from the bloodstream into the tubules

process of secretion

What is the meaning of the abbreviation ACE inhibitor?

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

What is the meaning of the abbreviation ARBs?

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

What is the suffix for ACE Inhibitors?

suffix is -pril

What is the suffix for ARBs?

suffix is -sartan

What is the ending for beta blockers?

suffix is -lol

What is the ending for beta 1 selective beta blockers?

suffix is -olol

What is the ending for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?

suffix is -dipine

What is the boxed warning on ACE Inhibitors and ARBs?

Fetal Toxicity (teratogen)

What is an auxiliary label for ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers and Calcium Channel Blockers?

May cause dizziness / drowsiness

Beta-1 Selective and Beta Non-Selective are 2 categories for which class of antihypertensive medications?

Beta Blockers

Dihydropyridines and NonDihydropyridines are 2 categories of which class of antihypertensive medications?

Calcium Channel Blockers

In the nephron, what ion does water follow?

Na⁺

What is the function of diuretics?

to decrease blood volume

Which diuretic acts in the ascending nephron loop to inhibit reabsorption of K⁺ and Cl⁻?

Loop Diuretics

Which diuretic acts in the proximal convoluted tubule, descending nephron loop and the collecting duct to inhibit reabsorption of water?

Osmotic Diuretics

Which diuretic acts in the collecting duct to inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺ but also increases reabsorption of K⁺?

Potassium Sparing Diuretic

Which diuretic acts in the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit reabsorption of Cl⁻?

Thiazide and Thiazide Like Diuretics

Which diuretic acts in the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻?

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors