outward force that blood exerts on walls of arteries
New cards
2
What does systolic measure?
pressure when heart contracts
New cards
3
What does diastolic measure?
pressure between heartbeats
New cards
4
What is a normal systolic measurement?
120 mmHg and below
New cards
5
What is a normal diastolic measurement
180 mmHg and below
New cards
6
What systolic measurement is considered hypertensive crisis?
180 mmHg and above
New cards
7
What diastolic measurement is considered hypertensive crisis?
120 mmHg and above
New cards
8
What is hypertension?
Persistent High Blood Pressure
New cards
9
What is the meaning of the prefix anti-?
against
New cards
10
What is the meaning of the prefix hyper-?
above
New cards
11
What is the meaning of the suffix -tensive?
stretching
New cards
12
Using word parts, what is the meaning of the word anti- hyper- -tensive?
stretching beyond as it relates to against it.
New cards
13
Which organ releases Renin?
kidneys
New cards
14
Which organ releases angiotensinogen?
liver
New cards
15
Which organ releases angiotensin converting enzyme?
lungs
New cards
16
Which organ releases aldosterone?
adrenal glands
New cards
17
In the bloodstream, what is the product of renin and angiotensinogen?
angiotensin I
New cards
18
In the bloodstream, what is the product of angiotensin I and angiotensinogen converting enzyme?
angiotensin II
New cards
19
What effect of angiotensin II on blood vessels?
vasoconstriction
New cards
20
What is vasoconstriction?
narrowing of blood vessels
New cards
21
What is the effect of angiotensin II on the adrenal glands?
signal release of aldosterone
New cards
22
What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidneys?
increase the reabsorption of Na+ and water
New cards
23
What is the role of angiotensin II and aldosterone in the body?
increase blood pressure
New cards
24
What are the organs of the Central Nervous System?
brain and spinal cord
New cards
25
What constitutes the Peripheral Nervous System?
nerve tissue/neurons found outside of the brain and spinal cord
New cards
26
What are the 2 parts of the Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System
New cards
27
What is the function of the Somatic Nervous System?
conscious activity
New cards
28
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
controls involuntary actions; unconscious actions
New cards
29
What are the 2 parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?
Parasympathetic Nervous System and Sympathetic Nervous System
New cards
30
What is simple description of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
rest and digest
New cards
31
What is a simple description of the Sympathetic Nervous System?
fight or flight
New cards
32
What are the two catecholamines associated with Sympathetic Nervous System?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
New cards
33
Which is another name for epinephrine?
adrenaline
New cards
34
What is another name for norepinephrine?
noradrenaline
New cards
35
Is the catecholamine epinephrine mostly a hormone or a neurotransmitter?
this catecholamine mostly a hormone
New cards
36
Is the catecholamine norepinephrine mostly a hormone or a neurotransmitter?
this catecholamine mostly a hormone
New cards
37
Is the catecholamine epinephrine released from the adrenal glands or released in the nerves?
this catecholamine released from the adrenal glands
New cards
38
Is the catecholamine norepinephrine released from the adrenal glands or released in the nerves?
this catecholamine is released in the nerves
New cards
39
Is the catecholamine epinephrine released continuously or in times of stress?
this catecholamine is released during times of stress
New cards
40
Is the catecholamine norpinephrine released continuously or in times of stress?
this catecholamine is released continously
New cards
41
Which beta receptors are located on the heart and kidneys
beta 1 receptors
New cards
42
Which beta receptors are located on adipose tissue?
beta 3 receptors
New cards
43
Which beta receptors are located on the lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, blood vessels, and gastrointestinal tract?
beta 2 receptors
New cards
44
Which calcium channels are located on brain tissue, cardiac muscle, pancreas, retina and skeletal muscle?
L Type calcium channels
New cards
45
Which calcium channels are located on the liver, neurons and the sinus node of the heart?
T Type calcium channel
New cards
46
What type of calcium channels are located on the adrenal glands?
Both L type and T type calcium channels
New cards
47
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
New cards
48
In the nephron, what is the name of the process that removes almost all of the solutes, but not the red blood cells, white blood cells or the proteins?
process of filtration
New cards
49
In the nephron, what is the name of the process that returns solutes and water from the tubules to the bloodstream?
process of reabsorption
New cards
50
In the nephron, what is the name of the process that removes waste, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and H⁺, K⁺ and NH₄⁺ from the bloodstream into the tubules
process of secretion
New cards
51
What is the meaning of the abbreviation ACE inhibitor?
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
New cards
52
What is the meaning of the abbreviation ARBs?
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
New cards
53
What is the suffix for ACE Inhibitors?
suffix is -pril
New cards
54
What is the suffix for ARBs?
suffix is -sartan
New cards
55
What is the ending for beta blockers?
suffix is -lol
New cards
56
What is the ending for beta 1 selective beta blockers?
suffix is -olol
New cards
57
What is the ending for dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers?
suffix is -dipine
New cards
58
What is the boxed warning on ACE Inhibitors and ARBs?
Fetal Toxicity (teratogen)
New cards
59
What is an auxiliary label for ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers and Calcium Channel Blockers?
May cause dizziness / drowsiness
New cards
60
Beta-1 Selective and Beta Non-Selective are 2 categories for which class of antihypertensive medications?
Beta Blockers
New cards
61
Dihydropyridines and NonDihydropyridines are 2 categories of which class of antihypertensive medications?
Calcium Channel Blockers
New cards
62
In the nephron, what ion does water follow?
Na⁺
New cards
63
What is the function of diuretics?
to decrease blood volume
New cards
64
Which diuretic acts in the ascending nephron loop to inhibit reabsorption of K⁺ and Cl⁻?
Loop Diuretics
New cards
65
Which diuretic acts in the proximal convoluted tubule, descending nephron loop and the collecting duct to inhibit reabsorption of water?
Osmotic Diuretics
New cards
66
Which diuretic acts in the collecting duct to inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺ but also increases reabsorption of K⁺?
Potassium Sparing Diuretic
New cards
67
Which diuretic acts in the distal convoluted tubule to inhibit reabsorption of Cl⁻?
Thiazide and Thiazide Like Diuretics
New cards
68
Which diuretic acts in the proximal convoluted tubule to inhibit reabsorption of Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻?
Studied by 69 people
