ID2935: Bio Factors + Food Justice Exam 1

Where does growth occur in plants? Does it occur randomly over the whole plant body

• Growth is not random

• occurs in the meristems from cell division

What advantage does the development of dormancy and stored "food" provide to seed plants

• Allows plants to conserve its energy during unfavorable conditions (arid climate)

• gives a jumpstart for germination

What is the connection between diversity of habitats and the diversity of plants?

• diversity of habits leads to diversity of plants because plants evolved to form adaptations to survive → increase biodiversity

In 2-3 sentences, what is the difference between annuals and herbaceous perennials?

• annuals complete life cycle in 1 growing season & germinate from dormant seeds

• herbaceous perennials have more than 1 growing season & need vernalization to induce grwoth

In 1-2 sentences, what is the difference between epiphytes and parasitic plants?

• epiphytes: plants that grow on top of other plants to obtain nutrients, sunlight or water from the enviro

• parasitic plants: plants that grow on other plants to advantage of host plants’ nutrients

In 1-2 sentences, what is the difference between resurrection plants and succulents?

• resurrection plants: plants that become dormant and shivel until rain comes

• succulents: have fleshy leaves to store water

What technology, policy, or practice supported food sovereignty in the Hopi agricultural systems we discussed in class? What was unique about the corn that they grew?

• hopi ppl believe in organic farming & utilizing very little commerical agricultural practices

• Hopi ppl grew corn that adapted to the enviro & not altering enviro to fit the corn

• corn seeds can be planted in arid climates & don’t need a lot of water

• flood the plains during moonsoon season bc they do not have irrigation systems or use pesticides

Zambia: Ernesto Sirolli’s Italian tomato seeds. What do you think would happen if these tomatoes were planted in dryland agriculture? Why

• tomatoes would not grow bc they need a lot of water

• not sustainable bc you need to build an aquifer or irrigation system

Corn is planted every year. Is it a perennial or an annual plant?

annual

Corn was able to grow in the arid regions without irrigation. Is this because corn is a succulent or a resurrection plant (or neither)

neither bc the seeds could adapt to the arid climates

• non succulents bc it doesn’t have fleshy leaves

• not resurrection bc it doesnt go dormant

As rain patterns and climate events (ie: drought) become more frequent and severe, how would this affect the yield of dryland production systems

• decrease yield of dryland production systems bc seeds are not adaptable to receiving a lot of water

• since its takes generation for seed to adapt, they would lose the seed in a bad season

• floods would cause waterlogging & decrease areation for the plant

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration, and how are they both globally significant for the atmosphere

• outputs of photosythensis are inputs to respiraiton

• photosythensis converts carbon dioxide, water, sunlight → oxygen & glucose

• glucose & oxygen converted into store energy for the metabloic processes

• the exchanges allow plants to maintain atmosphere by its release of oxygen & oxygen can fuel plants’ respiration

What is the difference between a node, an internode, and an axillary bud?

• node: part of the plant stem where shoots, leaves and flowers are attached

• internodes: the distance between 2 nodes

• axillary buds: bud where the flower or shoot can form

What is the difference between xylem, phloem, and cambium

• xylem: cells that support the plant, and transport water/ horomones from from the roots to the stem/leaves

• phloem: cells that transport sugars throughout the plant

• cambium: layer btw the xylem & pholem to form the meristem

Do new leaves form randomly? How do they form?

• leaves don’t form randomly

• grow from leaf primordia

• growth is determined by the apex to fit the needs of the plants

• position of the leaves determined by the location & duration of the meristems

What is the difference between a tap root system and an adventitious root system?

• roots form randomly

• taproot: roots w/ branches along its length to support the plant →carrot

• adventitious roots: thick roots that allow roots to grow on the surface of the soil, store water → corn , sweet potatoes

Why aren't mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen fixing bacteria considered parasites? Don't they both extract valuable sugars from plant roots

• mycorrhizal gunfi & nitrogen fixing bacteria have a symbiotic relationship w/ the plant

• nitrogen bacteria extract valuble sugars from plant roots

• but provide energy for bacteria to fix nitrogous gas into salts, required for plants to grow

Is sugarcane an annual or a perennial plant

Perenial plant

Does sugarcane have a taproot or an adventitious (fibrous) root system?

adventitious root system

Is sugarcane planted from seed or from vegetative propagation?

vegetative progagation

Why are the axillary buds important in sugar cane?

Axillary buds act as the “seed” in which sugar cane can grow from

Why didn’t June harvest the sugarcane?

• since the Provosts delayed planting the sugarcane, the harvest and production of sugarcane became delayed

• since june could not grow the contracted amount of sugar cane w/ the sugar mill, the sugar mill legally dishonored the sugarcane

• june could not harvest the sugarcane

What happened because of the delay in planting of the Provosts?

• since agricultural production requires high start up costs, farmers receive loans from banks to begin

• Because of the delay, the sugar mill legally dishonored the contract and June lost $0.5million of crops

• which caused him to loss his house and mental distress about losing his father’s land and disappointing his father

What caused the problem the Provosts faced, and how were these problems exacerbated by sugar cane’s biology (whether it’s an annual or a perennial)?

• since agricultural production requires high start up costs, farmers receive loans from banks to begin

• Because of the delay, the sugar mill legally dishonored the contract and June lost $0.5million of crops

• since sugar cane is a perennial, it has a continuous growing season and requires consistent supply of resources

What are five requirements that soils provide for healthy plant growth?

• stability from anchorage of roots

• water

• nutrients

• oxygen

• protective layer against changes to temp & pH

Which two features of a climate affect the rate at which minerals weather into soil particles?

temperature and rainfall which weather minerals into soil particles

Soil texture is defined by the proportions of which three particle sizes?

• sandy 0.5 - 2

• silt 0.002 - 0.05

• clay sized < 0.002

What is soil structure, and how does it relate to soil pores and soil aggregates?

• soil structure: arrangement of sand, silt & clay particles → form aggregates

• pressure of roots & excretions from microrgs compress soil int aggregates

• placement of different sized aggregates creates pores

• pores allow water & air for the plant/ roots

What does CEC stand for, and how does it affect plant growth?

• CEC: Cation Exchange Capacity: the total avalible anions of clay particles to attract cations of the minerals macronutrients/ micronutrients

• CEC determine the pH of the soil which determines availability of nutrients since pH levels affect the rate certain nutrients can be dissolved & accessible to the plant for growth

• nutrients can be asbored through soil solution, which is dissolved minerals and water

Which adverse soil conditions should be managed to promote healthy root growth?

• compaction

• shortage of oxygen

• waterlogg

• dryness/ moisture

• low nutrient supply & low pH

When HAFA purchased their land, how did this affect soil conservation on their farm and in their local environment?

• purchasing land increase food sovereignty bc they can determine the practices that they would want to include such as partnership w/ Veggie Rx and agricltural practices that minimize environmental damage

• as landowners, they make decisiosn to make investments in the land

• since most hmong farmers lease their lands, they could not make these decisions and would not receive the benefits of the investment

How does vegetation contribute to the differences in each of the soil profiles?

• influences compactness of the soil

• in temperate climates and soil, thre are a lot of vegetation

  • increase in vegetation would increase oranic matter whcih causes the soil to be a mixture of humus, & clay materials

  • vegetation has shorter root systems -→ less compact soil

• In dry climtes, vegetation has longer roots which may increase compaction

What other factors might influence both the soil profile and vegetation?

• temperature, rainfall, parent matieral, climate & elevation

Define the terms sand, silt, and clay

• sand: particles btw 0.05 to 2

• silt: particles btw 0.02 to 0.05

• clay: particles < 0.02

What is one limitation of clay soils?

• risk of water erosion & high risk of compaction, low aeration

. What are the major limitations of clay soils?

• risk of water erosion & high risk of compaction, low aeration

Soils with a high percent of which particle would require the highest supplementation of fertilizer to grow crops? Why?

• high sandy particles would need the highest supplmentaiton of fertizlier to grow crops becase sandy soils have low organic matter and low nturient capcity, so, they are unable to retain the nutrients . They would need more fertilzier to mainain optimal nutrient levels

What can happen to new cuttings that are growing in only water, what deficiency may develop? What are a few symptoms of this deficiency?

• new cuttings can develop roots only water

• but they face nitrogen deficiencies if they are planted in the soil when roots form

• cause yellow discoloration on the leaves

What is perlite, and why is it added to soilless mixes to grow plants?

• perlite is a soil medium w/ expanded volcanic rock

• added to increase pore space in the soil for areation to promote healthy root growth

What is sphagnum peat moss, and why is it used in soilless mixes to grow plants?

• sphagum peat moss: type of medium made of organic mateiral & small sticks & wood chips

• used bc it has a hgih capcity to retain water & nutrients like a sponge

What is coco coir, and why is it used in soilless mixes to grow plants?

• coco coir is type of medium made from coconut fiber

• has high water & nutrient holding capcity

• more sustainable comared than spahgum peat mosss since it is harvested in the boggs

Soil is similar to a sponge for a few different reasons. How does the structure of soil act like a sponge to promote healthy plant growth?

• soil has pores for plants to have oxygen for respiraiton, transpiraiton & mineral/water absorbption

Name the differences between the O, A, and B soil horizons

• O: organic matter which may have decaying leaves

• A: includes minerals from parent material & some organic material

• B: contains rich minerals from A & E horizon

Why is reducing soil compaction around the root system important? How does it affect the shoot?

• compaction of soil reduce root growth

• soil structures contain pores which enocurages aeration for plant/ aloow roots to obtain water

• soil is compactm air & water is limited

• results in a reduced shoot growth

What is the difference between macro and micronutrients?

• macronutrients have a higher concentration which is 10x the amount of micronutrients

• combine they make trace elements

What is nutrient toxicity, and why is it associated with acidic soils?

• nutrient toxicity: excess nutrients

• acidic soils makes miconutrients/ maco more soluble which increase avaiblity of nutrients

• overload of nutrients of the plant

What is meant by the term "soil solution," and why is it important for plant health?

soil solution: thin film of water aorund soil particles, plant roots & root hairs that contain dissolved nutrients

• plants cannot uptake nutrients in soil forms

• soil solutions allows plants to access nutrients

What is the difference between organic and inorganic fertilizer?

• organic fertilizer contains animal parts or plants

• inogranic fertilizers contain chemically sythensized minerals or processing of mineral desposits

What is a controlled release fertilizer, and why would it be important to use them on sandy soils?

• controlled released fertilzier: fertilzier released gradually

• fertilziers used to achieve optimal nutrient levels

• Sandy soils have low capcity to hold nutrients

  • you would need a lot of fertizliers & be constantly applying it

  • however, since they have high drainage/leachage rates, sandy soils would have high pollution of nutrient runoff

• recommended to deliver optimal nturient levels while minimizing pollution

Why does Angela not grow bananas in the urban farm?

• she wanted to grow crops native to the region & crops that the community will buy

What soil pH range is best for nutrient availability?

• pH of 6 to 7

Why would a soil require additions of lime for vegetable production?

• vegetables grow in basic soils w/ higher pH levels

• liming adds hydroxides to neutralize the concentration of the hydrogen ions

• creates a better environnment for vegetables since they are receiving basic solutions dissolve more calcium & mangesium

Do all plants grow best in the same soil pH?

• no, plant growht depends on soil pH

• blueberries can grow in more acidic soils

How is pH relevant to agriculture and vegetable growth?

• pH influences the nutrient avaiblity & actvity of the soil microbres

• different pH levels affects the solubility of nutrients,

• adjsut pH levels to ensure the plants can receive nutrients since plants cannot uptake nutrients in a soild form and need a soil solution

Why does CEC determine availability of nutrients for plant uptake?

• CEC determines total negative negative avaible to attract to the cations from the nutrients

• creates an environnment for plants to uptake nutrients because increasing the sites of anions increase the cations which creates a more netrual pH and increase the solubility of nutrients

Why would CEC be an important concept for vegetable producers to understand?

• they know how to adjust pH

• since vegetables grow in more basic soils, they would need to add more lime to the soil for vegetable plants to receive their nutrients

How could a crop producer manage soils to increase CEC in sandy soils?

• they would add organic matter to increase the nturietn/ water hold capcity

• also controlled relased fertilzier to prevent leaching/ draining to ensure the plants in sandy soils receive the optimal levels of nutrients

How could a food movement that focuses on the statement, "vote with your fork" be excluding, and possibly limiting a broader coalition of supporters?

• vote w/ fork exlcuding because assumes that particpants have the ability to purchase the organic foods

• organic, nutritious foods are often more expensive

• historically, marginalized communtities are likely to experience income disparity and unable to afford their limited income on expensive foods

• exlcuding them from the movements

What is one connection between local food systems and social justice?

• connection is food justice btw lcoal food systems & social justice

• marginalized communites more likely to experience food deserts or food apartheids due to the impacts of red-lining, lack of grocery stores, and lost of captial flows.

• the unresponsiveness of the gov’t, lack of acces & inequalities of the food systems → resulted in social justice movements to advocate for ppl’s right of food sovereight & power to produce affpradble, healthy & culturally approripate foods

What is food sovereignty?

The right to produce food & develop agricutlural systems based on their values and culture

How do the authors note that the production of hunger for the Karuk community is ongoing? / In "Cultivating Food Justice," the authors discuss a continuing legacy. What are they referring to? (Hunger is continuing legacy)

• production of hunger is ongoing because karuk community lacks access to culturally appriorate,affordable and healthy food to satisfy their palettes

• encroachment from white settlers & permitance from the US gov’t of the legal sale removed Karuk community to control land practices beneitfical to the enviro

• lack of land → karuk ppl cant traditionally obtain their food through hunting

  • have to purchase fishing license for salmon → $$$

  • Or purchase from grocery stores → more expensive → cant consume traditional amounts

  • or they receive food from food stamp programs but not satisfying since it is starchy canned foods

What are some possible ways to improve equity and food access in the Karuk community?

• could decrease the price of the license fees for fishing

• could provide salmon for a day for karuk ppl to pick up

• give land back to karuk community -→ control land uses & allow them to hunt/fish on their lands & grow acorns/ corn for consumption

What are “wicked problems,” and what are a few examples

• Wicked Problems: continuous socially complex, interconnected problems that dont have a solution

• Ex: climate change, food insecurity

What worked well in Ernesto Sirolli’s project in Zambia?

• tomatoes from mediterrean were able to grow in the fertile soils of zambia

• feed hippos

What failed in Ernesto Sirolli’s project in Zambia?

• many zambians were uninterested in the agricultural program because the food grown was suited for the italians taste not zambians (including paid wages)

• hippos ate the food → food could not be consumed

Was the project a success or a failure overall, and what helped you come to this conclusion

• failure:

• the project did not make a lasting impression of the zambians to continue farming

• the italians did not ask question about why zambia could not grow food , assumed zambians did not know how to farm despite having fertile soil

• food grown for italians, not zambians

What is culturally based agriculture according to the video?

incorporating beliefs, values, and practices into agriculture production practices

What gives Dr. Johnson hope for a more food sovereign future?

• essentially, the next generation of joining the fight for food justice and food sovereignty

What are steps Dr. Johnson mentioned that would support food sovereignty for more indigenous peoples?

• allow indigenous ppl to incoporate cultural agricultral practices like cermonies into their agricultural production → regenerative planting

• for policy makers to ask indigenous ppl about what success looks to them

• to indigenous ppl success is the ability to feed the community while respecting nature, not profit

What did Dr. Johnson mean by prompting the USDA-NRCS to ask the community to define success? What would happen-what would change?

• for policy makers to ask indigenous ppl about what success looks to them

• to indigenous ppl success is the ability to feed the community while respecting nature, not profit

• policy makers can implement more effective policies that aid the community that they intend to serve

• there is more meaningful impact on community

• possiblity the enviro bc indigenous ppl value using natural practices & not fertilziers or pesticides which runoff can cause damage

What does the term "family farming" often assume? What structural arrangements does this assumption overlook, where Black farmers have traditionally been at a disadvantage?

• family farming assume agricutural producers have the power and income to make fiancial and operational decisions

• overlooks farmer’s capaibilities to maintian the farm through fianical means & landownership

• Black farmers encountered continous obstacles to sustain their operations

• often faced discrimination in loans from the banks and land dispoessions which hurt the productivity of Black farmers

What is meant by the phrase "dual system of agriculture"?

• family farms: families have the power to make finanical and operational decisions on the agricultural productions

• agrbuisness/ coporate farming: economcies of scale & vertical integration allows agribusiness to produce crops at a cheaper price

  • also economic means for mechanization which prevents small farms to compete

  • small farms rely on other source of income to sustain their farm → drives compeition

Why were tenancy and sharecropping systems problematic for the actual working farmers?

• both to maintain the racial hierarchy and power imbalance in the South after Reconstruction & Civil War

• tenancy: farmers would pay rent to landowners to use the land

• sharecropping: workers provide labor in exchange for income & food from the landowner

• landowner controlled the price of rent and wages → entrapped Freeman and newly freed Black slaves from their relaitonships w/ their former slavemaster bc they could not afford to leave due to limited income

• also, black farmers could not make any decisions regarding type of crops → cash crops for profits for landowner

What are CBCs, and how did they help fill the gaps left by the market and the state?

• CBCs = communited based coopertives

• filled the gaps by the market & state by forming to serve the intersest of the members of a geographical locations

• tried to pooled resources to purchase equipment, establish credit unions & consoldaite to compete against agribuisness

• led advocacy for the election of the Farm Service Agency committee members

What actions did the USDA take that decreased the number of Black-owned farms?

• Due to the increasing price of fuel and taxes for family farms, the USDA reallocated funds to farm programs to white farmers to enter the catfish market

• decrease the funds that black farmers could get pay the start up costs for production

• decrease in funds resulted in decrease in black-owned farms because they could not afford expensive start up costs and gain enough profit to maintain the farm

• many black farmers faced racial discrimination in loans and interestest rates bc they recieved ½ than white farmers

. What actions did the Scotts take to keep the farm, and how did they successfully advocate for it?

• In order keep the farm, Scotts family adapted to the changes & converted a portion of their land for catfish

• loan amounts were nt sufficient to buy enough equipment, seeds, fertilziers, etc to produce at maximum capcity

• they sold parts of their land & joined the civil suit

What specifically was Pigford v. Glickman about? How many settlements were made?

• Class Action lawsuit where many black farmers sued the USAD for loan discriminationf practices

• The USAD made 70K settlements & they continue until this day

• 7 million is what the Scotts received

In Willena Scott White’s words, what were the Scotts denied? Land was _________________?

hertiage/ history

What caused June Provost to delay planting?

• since agricultural production requires high start up costs, farmers receive loans from banks to begin

• The provosts could not buy equipment, seeds, etc because they received a delayed loan

• which delayed thier ability obtain the resoucres to begin planting

What actions did the Provosts take to advocate for their farm

they filed a lawsuit against thier bank for unfair practices

What happened as a result of losing the farm?

• the provost lost their house & June lost his famiy’s legacy since it was passed down from generation to generation

What happened to the court case?

• provosts joined Pigford v. Gilford

• the bank settled & they received 28K

What arrangement enables the Provosts to grow sugarcane today

• working w/ other Black farmers in the area that have their best interst

• their land sits on massive area to protect the land

Are the Provosts more or less vulnerable to the risk of losing their farm/livelihoods now?

• while they provosts found a community of black-owned farmers and power to control thier decisions, they still face discrimination from obtaining loans & market forces

How did US Labor Laws, designed to protect workers, end up pushing Hmong farmers out of ag?

• labor laws designed to protect unioned workers

• laws required farms to carry insurance for everyone not listed on the lease → safer working conditions

• Normalized in Hmong culture for relatives to work on the land w/o pay

• these fines of not paying workers & violating US labor law determental to Hmong farmers because the fines are expense

• since hmong farmers practice microfarming, they cannot produce enough to maintian the land → push them out

Civil Rights laws make it impossible to take land from people based on racialized identities, so according to the authors, how does it still occur today?

• dispossesion of land occurs due to the afforability of land and limited income of the Hmong farmeres

• insurnace violations are disproportionate to their income → unable to maintian the land

• Hmong sublease the land so, the landowner has the power to sell the land to development firms to build subruabn neighbhorhoods after lease expiration

What was the Alien Land Law, and what effect did it have on the agricultural industry

• alien law: prevent alien or noncitizen immgirant from obtaining & owning land

• Alien Land Law enacted because many white farmers were enraged of the success of Japaense immigrant farmers and their fear of unemployment

• although japanese immigrants found loopholes, the amendments to the laws denied land lease

• eliminated compeition for white farmers & decrease number of Japanese farmers

Why are so many Hmong farms underrepresented in the US Census of Agriculture, leading to a lack of support for them by Extension?

• language barriers: not enought agents that can communicate to the Hmong farmers

• Hmong farmers move around alot bc they sublease their land → difficult to capture true mean

• hmong farmers are micrfarming which do not qualify a part of their measure

What does CSA stand for, and why are CSAs beneficial for small farms?

• CSA: Community Supported Agriculture

• provides stable income for the farmers year round & funds for the start up costs

• in return the community receives free fresh fruits/ vegetables

Do you think CSAs increase or decrease food waste?

• decreaase food waste because most CSA are supplying nutritious foods cultivated for the communities taste

• since the foods are culturally apprirorate and affroadble, more ppl in the community can consume the foods they want to enjoy

Do you think CSAs increase or decrease food sovereignty?

• increase food sovereignty bc the pooled resources provide the oppourtnity for the farmers to influence the types of crops plants and fiancial decisions

• in exchange the community benefits by having more access and power to consume nutritious foods

• since CSAs are less likely to depend on loans, they are not at risk for delayed planting

What does success look like for Pakou Hang from Hmong American Farmers Association (HAFA), and how is food part of this vision?

• HAFA defines success as being full in the stomach, heart and vision

• by fighting insecurity, HAFA can help others reach their potiential by providing food on a regular basis

What is the mission of Veggie Rx? What problem(s) does it help alleviate?

• mission is to fight food insecurity by prescribing fruits and vegetables grown by local CSAs

• want to alleviate chronic dieases resulting from food insecurity

What results have they seen because of Veggie Rx

• many people in the community expericen better health → some don’t have to take medication bc they are receiving their nutrients from food

• also expanded their program to reach more communities

How has HAFA affected the food sovereignty of communities in their area?

• increase food sovreingty because people in the community are empowered and have the access to nutritious foods

• since CSAs are the sole food providers, they tether the community’s taste for more ppl to eat more

• increased social connectedness such as eatin togethe

How has purchasing the land affected the food sovereignty of these Hmong farmers?

• purchasing land increase food sovereignty bc they can determine the practices that they would want to include such as partnership w/ Veggie Rx

• since most hmong farmers lease their lands, they could not make these descicions

• as landowners, they have the power

How was the land purchase feasible? What did the farmers do to make this possible?

• Land purcahse feasible through grants and

• farmers are a part of HAFA, which are partnered w/ Veggie Rx to raise money

How does the ebb and flow of capital create food deserts?

• food dserts: area w/ limtied access ot nutrious/ affordable foods

• lack of captial discourage corporate supermarkets from settling in low-socioeconomci neighborhoods since people within these areas are unable to afford the food prices and and they gain consisent profit from white, affluent neighborhoods

• lack of stores → lack of fresh fruits/ vegetables

• increase in fast food chains or liquor stores that sell unhealthy foods at a cheaper cost or healthy food at a more expensive cost

• limits access to nutritious foods

What was the intention or promise of new capital and urban redevelopment in Oakland, and what were the documented effects on the community? How would this affect their ability to access healthy foods?

• intention was to create new jobs from the investment of capital of infrastrcture such as highways

• ubran development destoryed communities since they designed the highway to run through the communties

• also aided the white flight of white middle class americans from the cities to the suburbs since they could afford purchasing a car and commuting to work

• this caused grocer retailers to follow their customers → leaving inner city w/o sources of foods

• ppl in cities couldn’t afford to travel to other places so, they consumed starchy canned foods from food progams, purchase unhealthy foods from fast food or nhealthy foods for higher prices.

Who began underwriting mortgages in the 1930s?

• the federal housing administration: FHA