Social Science Section IV: Economic Crisis and the End of the Roaring Twenties (ACADEC '25-'26)
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What elections had Republicans won the White House by substantial margins?
1920 and 1924
Since the beginning of the Cold War to the 1928 election, what Presidents were Democrat?
Woodrow Wilson and Grover Cleveland
Who was a notable free silver populist?
William Jennings Bryan
Who was a notable anti-tariff hard money champion?
Grover Cleveland
What party represented the nation's most committed prohibitionists?
The Southern, rural wing of Democratic Party
What often characterized Dry Democrats?
White, native-born Protestants with overlap with anti-evolution and pro-KKK factions
What part of the Democratic Party owed its rise to the waves of immigration that had reshaped American cities beginning in the 19th century?
The Northern, urban wing of the Democratic Party
What kind of immigrants formed the powerbase for great "machines" that dominated local politics?
Irish
Where were "machines" that dominated local politics often found?
New York and Boston
What kind of immigrants mainly bolstered the Democratic Party's strength?
Italians
What religion were immigrant Democrats predominantly?
Catholics
Who were the main constituency of the Democrat Party's anti-Prohibition faction
Immigrant Catholics
Who were the wets' preferred candidate in 1924?
New York Governor Alfred E. Smith
Who was Alfred E. Smith?
An Irish Catholic
Where was Alfred E. Smith born?
The tenements of Manhattan's Lower East Side
What provided Smith with his political education?
Tammany Hall
Where did Smith lose his party's nomination?
NY Madison Square Garden
How many ballots did it take to nominate John Davis in 1924?
103 ballots
Where was John Davis from?
West Virginia
Who is William Jennings Bryan's brother named?
Charles
Who was the vice-president nominee for the Democratic Party in 1924?
Charles Bryan
When was Smith secured as the first Catholic presidential candidate of a major party?
1928
Who was Smith facing in the 1928 election?
Herbert Hoover
Where was the staunchly dry Senator from in the 1928 election?
Arkansas
What was a potent issue for Smith in the election?
His religion, catholicism
What newspaper published a sophisticated open letter about Alfred E. Smith?
The Atlantic
What did The Atlantic's publishing on Alfred E. Smith do?
It quoted extensively from the official edicts of various Popes
What did The Atlantic's publishing on Alfred E. Smith attempt to demonstrate?
The inherent conflict between Catholic dogma and the Constitution's mandate of religious pluralism
How many American Catholics were there in 1928?
More than 20 million
What charges did Alfred E. Smith defend from himself and American Catholics?
Dual loyalty
Who said: "I have never known any conflict between my official duties and my religious beliefs"?
Alfred E. Smith
What group, despite Alfred E. Smith's assurances, mistrusted his urban Catholic background and his unambiguous and unapologetic "wet" pronouncements?
Rural Protestants
How many votes did Smith lose by in the popular vote?
More than 6 million
How many electoral votes did Smith garner in the 1928 election?
87
What state did Smith notably lose in the 1928 election?
New York, his home state
How many former Confederate states did Smith lose?
5
Who won a majority of votes in the 12 biggest cities in the U.S. during the 1928 election?
Alfred E. Smith
What states did Alfred E. Smith take in the 1928 election?
The "Solid South" of Arkansas, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island
What state was home to one of the U.S.'s largest Catholic population?
Massachusetts
How many consecutive presidential victories did the Democratic Party have following the 1928 election?
5
By what year did the shift of African American voters away from the Republican Party solidify into a historic realignment?
1936
What progressive reforms did Alfred E. Smith fight for?
Child labor laws and widow's pensions
Who was chair of the President's Conference on Unemployment in 1921?
Herbert Hoover
Who was the driving force behind the adoption of a comprehensive federal regulatory framework for radio by Congress in 1927?
Herbert Hoover
Who was nicknamed the Great Engineer?
Herbert Hoover
What did Herbert Hoover do before entering politics?
Helped an international mining corporation literally strike gold
Where did Hoover live during his engineering days?
Australia, China,, and England
Where did Hoover work during his engineering days?
Africa, Central and South America, and Russia
What career did most American politicians have?
Lawyer
Where was Herbert Hoover born?
Iowa
Where was Herbert Hoover raised?
Oregon
What was special about Herbert Hoover's family?
He didn't have one, he was an orphan
Who raised Herbert Hoover?
Strict Quaker relatives
Who was the first President from the West Coast?
Herbert Hoover
Who was the first member of the Society of Friends to occupy the White House
Herbert Hoover
When did Hoover found the Commission for Relief of Belgium?
Shortly after the outbreak of WWI
Who founded the Commission for Relief of Belgium?
Herbert Hoover
Who was nicknamed the Great Humanitarian?
Herbert Hoover
When was their massive flooding along the Mississippi River from heavy rainfall?
The spring of 1927
What did the flooding in the Mississippi River do to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers?
It overwhelmed the levee system that they designed
How many miles did the Great Mississippi Flood extend?
1000 miles
What cities did the Great Mississippi Flood extend from?
Cairo, Illinois to New Orleans, Louisiana
How long was the swath of devastation that the Great Mississippi Flood cut?
50 to 150 feet wide
How many people lost their lives from the Great Mississippi Flood?
1000 people
How many people fled their homes during the Great Mississippi Flood?
1.5 million people
How many dollars in property damage was there because of the Great Mississippi Flood?
Close to 1 billion dollars
How long did Hoover spend marshaling relief workers as well as donating to rescue and care for flood refugees?
3 months
How many relief workers did Hoover marshal during the Great Mississippi Flood?
33,000
What kind relief workers did Hoover marshal during the Great Mississippi Flood?
Red Cross nurses, National Guard soldiers, and volunteers
How much money did Hoover send to rescue and care for flood refugees?
$42 million
How much of the $42 million Hoover donated came from private sources?
3/4ths
What was Hoover's relief operation during the Great Mississippi Flood marred by?
Racial discrimination and Jim Crow segregation
In what place after the Great Mississippi Flood was racial discrimination prevalent?
Vicksburg, Mississippi
Why were African American sharecroppers forcibly prevented from leaving the camps during the Great Mississippi Flood?
In order to placate white plantation owners who feared the loss of their tenant workforce
What were African Americans faced with while being forced to labor at camps without pay?
Bayonets wielded by uniformed National Guardsmen
Who publicized the prison-like conditions and abuses of the Hoover refugee camps?
African-American press and the NAACP
What did Hoover do after being exposed for discrimination in his refugee camps?
Named several prominent African Americans to an advisory commission to investigate the allegations
Who allayed the sharpest criticism and won a large share of the African-American vote in 1928?
Herbert Hoover
What did Hoover possess in contrast to Calvin Coolidge?
The can-do attitude of the prototypical man of action
What was one journalist's description of Hoover?
"America's handy man"
When was the signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
August 27, 1928
What was the original trio of signatories for the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
The United States, France, and Germany
What did the trio of U.S., France, and Germany renounce war as?
"An instrument of national policy"
Who was channeled in the text of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
Woodrow Wilson
What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact reflect?
The keen idealism of the American peace movement
When was Herbert Hoover's inauguration?
March 4, 1929
When did the treatise American Individualism come out?
1922
Who published the treatise American Individualism?
Herbert Hoover
What did Hoover advocate for in American Individualism?
A limited government whose primary purpose was to nurture the development of a robust civil society
What was Hoover's individualism defined as?
It "embraced regard for others and attachment to the community as a whole"
What Hoover act fulfilled a campaign promise to tackle the intractable issue of agricultural surpluses?
The Agricultural Marketing Act
Where did Irving Fisher professor?
Yale University
When did Irving Fisher announce that "stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau"?
Fall of 1929
Who announced that "stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau"?
Irving Fisher
What was justification for the bullish assessment that the Roaring Twenties weren't bound by a boom and bust cycle?
Increased productivity and efficiency, technological innovation, modern "scientific" corporate management, and improved, more accurate statistics
Who said: "We in America today are closer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land"?
Herbert Hoover
When did Herbert Hoover declare that "We in America today are closer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land"?
1928
Who promised to seek the final "abolition of poverty" once in office?
Herbert Hoover
What was Hoover compared to because of his confidence?
A Greek tragedy with hubris
When did The Nation make a report on how the allure of easy money enticed speculators?
August 1928