AP World Modern Unit 5

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

Tabula Rasa

blank slate

philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

Baron Montesquieu

Enlightenment thinker who supported the idea of separation of powers

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

Feminism

A female movement for gender equality.

abolitionism

Movement to end slavery

Zionism

A policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Theodor Herzl and Zionism

Jewish founder of Zoionist Movement (1897) movement to rebuild homeland in Palestine, a policy for establishing and developing a national homeland for Jews in Palestine

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

utopian socialists

Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Leading French utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed that property should be communally owned.

Henri de Saint-Simon

Utopian socialist who wanted a society led by intellectuals providing for the welfare of the lowest classes

Charles Fourier

(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Fabian Society

Group of English socialists, including George Bernard Shaw, who advocated electoral victories rather than violent revolution to bring about social change.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

Liberty! Equality! Fraternity! Chant used by French Revolutionaries.

Haiti

Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule.

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican poet who supported Cuban independence.

Propaganda Movement

reform movement

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy (1805-1872)

Risorgimento

Italian nationalist movement

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Immigration

Migration to a new location

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Ottomanism

An ideology developed by the Ottoman govt in order to strengthen their subjects' loyalty and solidarity. Focused on the idea the all subjects are equal (despite religious/ethinic/linguistic differences) and deserved equal rights (reinforced by Imperial decree of 1856).

Maroons

Runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities. raided plantations for supplies, had military skills from Africa.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Mulattoes

People of African and European descent

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

Italian Peninsula

a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe extending into the Mediterranean Sea

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once

water frame

1780's; Richard Arkwright; powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

James Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

Richard Arkwright

water frame

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Agricultural Revolution

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

seed drill

Jethro Tull

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

Specialization of Labor

Focusing work effort on a particular product or a single task

assembly line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Capital

refers to manufactured goods used to make other goods and services

Seaways

an inland waterway capable of accommodating seagoing ships.

raw materials

the basic material from which a product is made.

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Manchester to Liverpool in 1830.

Liverpool

City and one of the largest ports in England; first major rail line linked Liverpool to Manchester in 1830.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

human capital

the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience

Company Rule

Expansion of British control (1757-1857) in which they created the Indian Civil Service, estabished an army of Indians known as seypoys, established colonial economic policies, and expanded territory through direct coquest and indirect rule.

coal

Access to rivers, iron ore, timber, and _____ was a major determining factor in which countries were able to industrialize during this period.

Coaling Stations

these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships. The need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe.

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian inventor credited with the invention of the radio

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

oil

A liquid fossil fuel formed from marine organisms that is burned to obtain energy and used in the manufacture of plastics.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

automatic loom

allowed cloth to be made more quickly

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Charter Oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

Stockholders

people or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners

stock market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Monopoly

A market in which there are many buyers but only one seller.

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

transnational

Some businesses in this period became _________ in that their ownership and organization were not confined to a particular country, such as with the United Fruit Company.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

is a prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire. It is the founding member of the HSBC Group and since 1990 is now a wholly owned subsidiary of HSBC Holdings plc. The company's business ranges from the traditional High Street roles of personal finance and commercial banking, to corporate and investment banking, private banking and global banking. It is the largest bank in Hong Kong with branches and offices throughout the Asia Pacific region including other countries around the world.