psych i didnt know 2.0

My lai

displaying the agentic shift- where us soldiers brutlly killed unarmed vietnamese civilians blaming it on the account they were carrying out their duty

Binding factors

answer why people are still obedient after displaying moral strain - minimise their harm and justify their actions - in Milgram’s research saying its the ppls faults for volunteering

Jacobson and Rank

said Hofling et al was too unrealistic so same expreiment but with a doctor they knew and asked for an overdose of valium lead to a reduction in obediance

proximity from the learner between the teacher

psychological distance between the harm they cause and themselves

SPE internal validity

low internal validity bc people were behaving how they think they should behave based on stereotypes and schemas on media- which affects internal validity as behaviour not based on just conforming to social roles or

psychodynamic response to the authoritarian personality

based on harsh parenting and conditional love that has lead to frustration and anger which can’t be voiced to the parents so feelings are displaced onto people they think are weaker

f scale

Adorno researched unconscious attitudes towards other racial groups

• he developed the f-scale to measure authoritarian personality

• 2000 white americans took part

• those who scored high on the scale often had an authoritarian personality

• some questions were obedience and authority for parents is one of the greatest virtues a child can learn

  • politically biased based on right wing ideologies

who proposed locus of control

Rotter

social support

teen pregnancy scheme with buddy to prevent smoking

buddy helped resist smoking as they weren’t doing it either

locus of control ppl

tend to make decesions based on their own beliefs rather than depending on others

social influence

where groups/individuals changes each others atitudes = and behaviours

encoding of the sensory register

visually encoded = iconic memory

acoustically encoded = echoic memory

procedural

semantic

episodic

procedural - skills - no conscious effort eventually

semantic - facts - conscious effort

episodic- event - conscious effort

eval of memory case studies

researcher has no understanding of memory of the person before the injury little control

components of VSSP

inner scribe- remember arrangements of objects in visual field

visual cache- visual data

KF’s STM

he could process visual info fine but had recall of auditory information

resons for forgetting

context

state

interference

similarity - McGeoch + McDonald found that when a list of words that were memorised with a second list of words that were synonyms there was worse recall than to when they were anotonyms

retrieval cues

encoding specificty principle - Tulving et al - a cue has to be present at encoding and at recall

eval of context lacking mudane realism

needs to be starkly different for an effect to be seen, one room and another room is arguably too similar

why does post event discussion effect memory

the belief other people are right and your not or to win social approval by agreeing with someone else

eval of research into EWT

demand characteristics where the ppts want to please the researchers so guess when they are given a question

EVAL on Johnson and scott study

johnson and scott study had a man walk through a waiting room with a knife and blood (high anxiety) and one with a pen in grease (low anxiety)

low recall with high anxiety -conflicts with Yuille and Cutshall

pickel said it wasnt to do with anxiety but rather unusuallness and suprise - his study in a salon with scissors, shot gun, wallet and raw chicken

worse recall with raw chicken bc ppts were focused on it bc of its unusuality → ergo weapon focus is due to unusualness not anxiety

meltzoff and more

very young babies already tried to imitate caregiver’s gestures and behaviours displaying a need for interactions

eval of care giver-infant interaction

research gone into interactions of caregiver/infant has high internal validity as a lot of the analysis was done through videos which recorded the interactions

this reduced other factors that could have distracted the babies and altered the behaviour increasing validity

using videos means inter-rater reliability could take place meaning multiple researchers could analyse the same videos thus increasing reliability

however hard to analyse a lot of the babies behaviour as they largely are immobile and don’t have a lot of control over movment o can be analysed incorrectly

included in bowlby’s monotropic theory

monotropy

internal working model

maternal deprivation

continuity hypothesis

critical period (social releasers)

monotropy

emphasis on child’s attachment to one primary caregiver which is seen to be the most important

internal working model

where children who have experienced positive and secure attachment have the expectation that all attachments should be like that and carry forward these qualities into future attachments

contrast to children who haven’t experienced this so tend to form poorer attachments as their expectation is that of poor. Also explains why people raised in these families tend to parent in the same way they were parented and form similar attachments in their own families

what happens in the critical period

social releasers - Brazelton primary caregivers to ignore the baby trying to initiate a response which resulted in them being very distressed = importance of social releasers

mothers who were poorley attached to their primary caregivers had poorer attachments to their own 1 year old baby

Bailey et al

percentage of british babies securely attached

60-75%

how many countries in the cross cultural findings research

8

Siomonelli

Researched attachment types in Italy found that only 50% were securely attached - quite low - but a lot of her sample were young mothers who worked long hours and used childcare

cross cultural eval

• poverty a factor

• age of ppts

• not all rooms will be the same (size, interesting toys)

• impose etic- where we assume one test that works in one culture will work in another

collectivist

individualistic

collectivist- shared goals, group harmony, interdependence

individualistic- equality, independence, personal goals

year of romanian orphans + reason for so many orphans + how many orphans in REA study and year and results

1990s

former president required women to have 5 children to which they could not end up afford

2011, 165 orphans from Romania followed their development cognitive, social, emotional and physical development

orphans who were adopted by British families initially displayed delayed intellectual progress and were undernourished

→ their recovery was determined by the age they were adopted displaying a sensitive period

→ those adopted after 6 months displayed a disinhibited attachment style (clinginess, attention seeking) those before didnt display this

zeanah et al

strange situation on children from the Romanian orphans who had been institutionalised - 19% secure