P2 (6)

medicine

the science or practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease

disease

abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism

Infectious disease

• caused by microorganisms and other parasites that live at the expense of another organism

• caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi (yeasts and molds), protozoa (single-celled animals), and worms

Degenerative disease

resulting from wear and tear, aging, or trauma (injury) that can result in a lesion (wound) and perhaps necrosis (death) of tissue

Neoplasia

abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue

Immune disorders

failures of the immune system, allergies, and autoimmune diseases, in which the body makes antibodies to its own tissues

Metabolic disorders

resulting from lack of enzymes or other factors needed for cellular functions.

Hormonal disorders

caused by underproduction or overproduction of hormones or by inability of the hormones to function properly

Mental and emotional disorders

disorders that affect the mind and adaptation of an individual to his or her environment.

etiology

cause of a disease

acute

rapid onset and progress of disease and last for shorter period of time

chronic

slow onset and progress of disease last for long time

organic

associated with abnormality in structure of organ

congenital (birth defect)

present at birth

acquired

acquired after birth

familial (genetic disorder)

occurring in family

functional

associated with abnormality of function

local

involving only part of the body

Bacteria

simple microscopic organisms that are widespread throughout the world, some of which can produce disease

Cocci

round bacteria

Bacilli

rod-shaped bacteria

Vibrios

curved rods

spirochetes

corkscrew-shaped bacteria that move with a twisting motion

chlamydia

organisms smaller than bacteria that, like viruses, grow in living cells but are susceptible to antibiotics

rickettsia

similar in growth to chlamydia

viruses

microscopic infectious agents that can live and reproduce only within living cells

fungi

simple, nongreen plants, some of which are parasitic

protozoa

single-celled animals

helminths

worm

inflammation

A localized response to tissue injury characterized by heat, pain, redness, and swelling

phagocytosis

The ingestion of organisms, such as invading bacteria or small particles of waste material by a cell

phag/o

to eat (root)

adenocarcinoma

tumor arises in glandular epithelium

melanoma

a cancer pigmented epithelial cells

benign

• Not recurrent or malignant

• favorable for recovery

• describing tumors that do not spread

carcinoma

A malignant neoplasm composed of epithelial cells

cyst

A filled sac or pouch that is usually abnormal

gram stain

A laboratory staining procedure that divides bacteria into two groups: gram-positive and gram-negative

blue or purple

gram-positive

red

gram-negative

hernia

• Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening

• a rupture

lesion

• a distinct area of damaged tissue

• an injury or wound

malignant

• Growing worse

• harmful

• tending to cause death

• describing tumors that spread

metastasize

To spread from one part of the body to another

necrosis

death of tissue

neoplasm

• An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissue, namely, a tumor

• may be benign or malignant

parasite

An organism that grows on or in another organism (the host), causing damage to it

pathogen

An organism capable of causing disease

prolapse

• A dropping or downward displacement of an organ or part

• -ptosis

pus

A product of inflammation consisting of fluid and white blood cells

sarcoma

A malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue

sepsis

the presence of harmful microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues

toxin

A poison

trauma

A physical or psychological wound or injury

alg/o, algi/o, algesi/o

pain (root)

algesia

condition of having pain

carcin/o

cancer, carcinoma (root)

carcinogen

substance that produces cancer

cyst/o, cyst/i

filled sac or pouch, cyst, bladder (root)

cystic

pertaining to or having cysts

lith

calculus, stone (root)

lithiasis

stone formation

onc/o

tumor (root)

oncogene

gene that causes tumor

path/o

disease (root)

pathogen

organism that produces disease

py/o

pus (root)

pyocyst

a sac or cyst containing pus

pyr/o, pyret/o

fever, fire (root)

pyretic

pertaining to fever

scler/o

hard (root)

sclerosis

hardening of tissue

tox/o, toxic/o

poison (root)

exotoxin

toxin secreted by bacterial cells

pyrexia

fever

intoxicate

poison or affect with a substance

empyema

collection of pus (py/o) in a body cavity

pathology

study of disease

carcinolysis

destruction of cancer cells

urolith

stone or calculus that forms in urinary tract

oncology

study and treatment of cancer

pyorrhea

discharge of pus

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

toxoid

poison, toxin

algesimeter

used to measure sensitivity to pain

brady-

slow (prefix)

bradypnea

slow breathing

dys-

abnormal, painful, difficult (prefix)

dysplasia

abnormal development of tissue

mal-

bad, poor (prefix)

maladaptive

poorly suited to a specific use or to the environment

pachy-

thick (prefix)

pachyemia

thickness of the blood

tachy-

rapid (prefix)

tachycardia

rapid heart rate

xero-

dry (prefix)

xerosis

dryness of the skin or membranes

dystrophy

poor nourishment of tissue

tachypnea

rapid breathing

bradycardia

slow heart rate