Ch3 - Cell Structure and Function

1) Describe what the cell membrane is made of

A phospholipid bilayer

2) Do animals have cell walls? What organisms have cell walls?

No, plants, bacteria, fungus have cell walls. Plants is made of beta glucose, bacteria-peptidoglycan, fungus chitin

3) How can salting food to preserve it prevent it from spoiling?

Salt will cause water to leave the bacterial cell that may be on the food and cause it to shrivel and die

4) Using infographic 3.6, which graphic number shows active transport?

1, 3 is passive transport, 4 is facilitated passive transport

5) Are ribosomes found in plant and animal cells?

Yes, and in bacteria too

6) Do all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondrion? Chloroplasts?

They both have a mitochondrion, but only plants have chloroplasts

7) Where are the protein synthesis instructions located?

Nucleus

8) Using infographic 3.1, which letters represent the smooth and rough E.R., lysosome, and nuclear envelope?

Smooth er= C rough er = A AND L lysosome= O nuclear envelope= P

9) Using infographic 3.1, which letters represent the cell membrane, nucleus, and nucleolus?

Mito = F, Cell membrane = 1 and K, nucleolus = D

10) Describe the number of molecules inside and outside of the cell for active transport

More molecules are pushed inside or out of the cell against the concentration. 20 inside, 10 outside, more will be pushed inside using ATP

11) Using infographic 3.1, which letters represent chromatin, Golgi body, and free ribosomes?

Chromatin E, ribosomes H, Golgi G

12) What molecules do rough and smooth ER make?

Rough makes proteins, smooth makes lipids

13) What do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common?

Both require a transport protein that needs a specific shape molecule

14) What is the main macromolecules that the cell membrane is made of?

Fats are the most important part

15) Using infographic 3.7, which cell represents a cell placed in a hypotonic solution?

1 is hypertonic, 2 is hypotonic, 3 is isotonic

16) Most amoebas live in fresh water. What will happen when you place an amoeba into salt water, will water go in, out or remain the same in the cell?

Water will leave the amoeba cell to dilute the salt water on the outside. The amoeba will die

17) What is the defining organelle in a eukaryotic cell? Easy to see, very important?

Nucleus

18) Look on page 65 of your book. Answer question 22. (The test is similar to this question)

Vancomycin

19) Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Size (Small or Large)
Cell membrane (Yes or no)
Membrane-bound organelles (yes or no)
Nucleus (Yes or no)

Size (Small or Large)
Prokaryotic: Small
Eukaryotic: Large
Cell membrane (Yes or no)
Prokaryotic: Yes
Eukaryotic: No
Membrane-bound organelles (yes or no)
Prokaryotic: No
Eukaryotic: Yes
Nucleus (Yes or no)
Prokaryotic: No
Eukaryotic: Yes

20) Give an example of simple passive transport

Any molecule that will fit can enter the through the channel protein as long as it goes with the concentration gradient. It will continue to move until equilibrium is met.

21) Circle which a chloroplast contains DNA, ribosome, cell membrane, thylakoid membrane, matrix

Cell membrane, thylakoid membrane, DNA, ribosome

22) Be able to answer questions 17-21 on page 64 of your book. At least 2 will be on the test

Refer to the book. 17: interferes with cell wall production, 18: No because all organisms have a cell membrane and if you make an antibiotic with one, it will kill all cells. 19. No, the first antibiotic already stopped the production of all peptidoglycan.

23) Where are proteins made in the nucleus to the finish? Specifically, where do they finish being made?

The nucleus has the code to make the proteins, but the ribosomes make the protein and finish in the golgi

24) List the correct order of the stages of a cell manufacturing a protein to leave the cell

Nucleus, rER, Golgi, leave by cell membrane

25) What is the cytoskeleton?

Protein fibers that offer structure to the cell, like a framing of a house

26) What structure are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

DNA, cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasm

27) Where is DNA located in a eukaryotic cell?

Inside the nucleus

28) What is peptidoglycan and where is it located?

Bacterial cell walls

29) Why do gram positive bacteria swell and lyse (cut or break) when penicillin is introduced?

Cell wall becomes weak, which allows osmosis to take place and water rushes into the cell, the cell ruptures, and a new cell wall cannot be made quickly.

30) Sterk used the term "fat sandwich" to describe cell membrane. Why?

It is a two-layered semipermeable structure, with phosphate heads on the outside that attract water, but lipids in the center that repel water. Head on the inside too.

31) What are the components of a cell membrane?

Main component is the lipid, which is hydrophobic tails.

32) What is going on with the RBCs in infographic 3.3?

1= hypotonic, 2= isotonic, 3 hypertonic

33) Infographic 3.2. Compare how much the water level osmotic pressure rose for each lab group and how long it took

C= collected 11 mm rose in 30 minutes. B collected 25mm in 30 min. A collected 35 mm in 30 minutes.

34) What is the middle of the cell membrane made of?

Lipids and is hydrophobic

35) How do you determine if you are looking at a plant, bacterial or fungus cell wall?

What type of cell wall does it have? Peptidoglycan bacterial, beta glucose plant, chitin, fungus

36) What was observed in Fleming's petri dish?

That the mold inhibited the growth of bacteria

37) Define active transport

Molecules going against the concentration gradient and requires energy.

38) List the levels of organization from simple to complex

ell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

39) Give an example of organization from simple to complex

Passive transport of molecules going through a channel protein from a high concentration to a lower concentration, must be the correct shape molecule.

40) Define osmosis

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

41) What are the similarities between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Simple lets any size go through but facilitated only lets a certain shape through.

42) What is the role of the mitochondrion?

Organelle that makes ATP energy from food

43) List the major components of the cell membrane

Phospholipids and proteins are the main component

44) What are cell surface markers (Sterk's example was little flags on the cell) also called glycoproteins made of?

Protein and sugar

45) Use infographic 3.8 to answer this question. Find the surface area of each structure. Find the Volume. Find the SA/Volume ratio. Choose which statements are true

A. The larger Volume to surface area ratio, the faster diffusion happen into the whole cell
B. Larger cells have greater surface area and diffuse nutrients faster.
C. It is better when a cell has a larger surface area and a smaller volume
D. Osmosis of nutrients happens faster with a large surface area to volume ratio
E. Nutrients completely diffuse into smaller cells, compared to larger cells with the same time given

C and E are true

46) Use infographic 3.5 to answer this question. Which is a prokaryotic and which is eukaryotic? How do you know?

Cell 1 is eukaryotic, cell 2 is prokaryotic 1 is larger and has organelles. Prokaryotic does not have organells.

47) What part if the cell provides support and a pathway for movement of structures within the cell?

Cytoskeleton

48) Define osmosis and diffusion. What is the difference?

Osmosis needs a semipermeable membrane

49) Plant cells and human cells naturally contain .9% salt solution. What will happen to a plant cell and an animal cell placed in pure water or 1% salt water, 5% salt water?

In pure water, both cells will take in water and increase in size. In 1%, they will both stay relatively the same size, only slightly different. In 5% both will lose water, but the cell will remain the same size because of the cell wall.

50) List cell theory

All cells come from preexisting cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, all living things are made of cells

51) Which part of the cell membrane is hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Center is phobic, outer and inner phallic

52) Give a real-world example of active transport. I used the sodium potassium pump as my example

transfer of calcium ions out of heart muscle cells.

53) Describe the structure of a phospholipid?

Bilayer, tails made of fat and in the center and phobic

54) Look at infographic 3.4. Describe what is going on in each plant cell and why it is changing between 1,2,3

1 is water loss due to being in a hypertonic solution, 2 is isotonic, and 3 is hypotonic fill up and turgid.

55) What type of molecules go across a cell membrane by simple diffusion?

Uncharged molecules and move to maintain equilibrium.

56) Why does penicillin affect a bacterial cell but not a plant cell or fungal cell?

Plant cells have a wall made of beta glucose, Fungus/virus have different walls, penicillin cannot dissolve these molecules.

57) Define hydrophobic

Will not dissolve in water, repels water

58) In infographic 3.6, which shows passive simple diffusion?

3 and 4 are both passive transport, but 3 is simple and 4 is facilitated.

59) Which organelle modifies (finishing touches) a protein created in the cell? Sterk uses USP or postal service as the example of this organelles hub

Golgi

60) What are the differences between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria?? Why do they respond to penicillin differently?

Gram positive bacteria are killed by penicillin because it dissolves the peptidoglycan cell wall. Gram negative bacteria have an extra liposaccharide coating.

61) Which of the following are true for a mitochondrion?
A. They convert food energy to energy the cell can use?
B. They are not found in plant cells.
C. They have their own DNA
D. They have ribosomes
E. They have a double membrane
F. They are the powerhouse of the cell
G. They create ATP
H. They are more numerous in animal cells than plant cells

A, C, D, E, F, and G are true

62) What are the differences between a plant and animal cell?

Plants have a cell wall, large vacuole, and chloroplasts

63) Use infographic 3.6, which is facilitated diffusion?

4

64) Use infographic 3.7. Which would represent the cell placed in a hypotonic solution? Sterk chant (Hypo=H2O)

2

65) According to the cell theory, do all living things have cells?

Yes

66) What are the two main types of cells found in your body? (There are two)

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

67) You must read pages 51 to 53. Know the difference between gram positive and gram-negative bacteria. Know the role of antibiotics and ribosomes. Know the differences between penicillin on a bacterial cell and streptomycin on a bacterial cell. Using and understanding this information will allow you to answer two test questions

Gram positive killed by penicillin, example staph and strep. Gram negative not killed by penicillin, example e coli. Positive absorbs the stain. Streptomycin kills both and kill tuberculosis. Streptomycin interferes with protein production by messing up bacterial ribosomes.

68) List 4 descriptions of transport proteins

Must have a specific molecule size to pass through it, 2: hundreds of different types in the human body, 3: large molecules can go through them as long as the shape is good. 4: are imbedded in the cell membrane.

69) Which organelle acts like the stomach or janitor in the cell?

Lysosome

70) What does penicillin do to a bacterium and why doesn't it affect eukaryotic cells?

It disrupts the cell wall

71) What is a transport protein?

Proteins that move large molecules into and out of the cell. They are embedded in the cell membrane

72) When discussing hydrophobic or hydrophilic molecules with your friends on snap-twitter-gram, which molecule interacts with these hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules

All about water going in or out

73) Use infographic 3.2. What could be the reason for the differences between lab group A, B, and C? What would make that different?

A had much greater water movement into the osmotic, so it must mean that the sugar solution was much more concentrated inside of it compared to group B. Group C probably didn't put enough sugar solution into the glass tube and not as much water went into it.

74) Why do we need ribosomes?

To make proteins

75) You take bacteria, freshwater plant and a fish from the pond and place all in ocean water that has a much higher salt concentration than the pond water. (pond water has a slight salt solution 05%) What will happen to each cell? What about if you take them and put them in PURE deionized water with no salt?

Bacterial and plant cells will lose water and die, if the solution, but stay the same size. The fish will die because water will leave the cells. Nothing will happen to the bacterial cell, but the plant cell will take in water and become turgid. The fish gills will take on pure water and rupture the gill cells.

77) Why do you need to take all of your antibiotic?

Some bacterial cells are more resistant to penicillin and it takes the antibiotic longer to dissolve the cell wall. If you don't finish, you have not killed off the strongest ones. Antibiotic resistant now.