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Article I
Established the legislative branch of the federal government
Federalist Paper 51
Argumentative essay written by James Madison
Described the system of Checks and Balances
Within Congress and the Federal Government as a whole
Attempted to persuade people to support the Constitution
Impeachment Process
The House of Representatives drafts charges of impeachment
The Senate holds the trial
Checks and Balances
System in which each branch of the government has powers that check another branch
Ensures that no one branch is tyrannical
FED 51
Also is found between both houses of Congress, so no one house is too powerful
Powers of the House
Initiating revenue bills
Draft impeachment charges
Break electoral deadlock in the event of a tie of electoral votes
Powers of the Senate
Ratify treaties
Confirm/deny appointments
Hold Impeachment trial
Organization of Congress
Two major parties
Majority leader
Minority leader
Speaker of the House
President Pro Tempore
Party whips
Conference Committee
Committee created in the event that each house of Congress has altered or changed a bill
Committee reconciles differences and creates a compromised version, to be voted on again
Rules Committee
Decides how a bill will be debated (Closed vs open rules)
ONLY in the house
Ways and Means Committee
Committee in the House of Representatives that focuses on taxes, the budget, and other revenue-raising functions
Earmarks
Money set aside for projects created by amendments or riders
Filibuster
A formal way of halting Senate action on a bill by long speeches and extended debate
Cloture
The method for ending a debate
Trustee Model of Representation
Representatives are entrusted by their constituents to make decisions on their behalf, regardless of how the constituents feel about the topic
Delegate Model of Representation
Decisions are made by representatives that accurately reflect the will of their constituents
Incumbency Advantages
Privileges held by office holders that give them an advantage in the upcoming election
Name Recognition
People are more likely to vote for someone they recognize
Credit Claiming
Taking credit for bringing money to the state or district
Franking Privilege
Send mail for free
Campaigning experience
Have more experience than the challenger trying to take their seat
Logrolling
Two members of Congress agree to help each other on acts of legislation
Pork Barrel Legislation
Funds directed for a specific purpose - bring funds to a representative’s district
Gerrymandering
Illegal redistricting to gain a political advantage
Baker vs. Carr
SCOTUS case that forced states to redistrict, even though it was originally thought that the courts couldn’t intervene in the process
Shaw vs. Reno
SCOTUS case that outlawed gerrymandering on the basis of race
Executive checks on the legislature
Veto power
Executive privilege (keep information from Congress)
Executive orders (bypass Congress)
Judicial Checks on the Legislative
SCOTUS can declare acts of legislation UNCONSTITUTIONAL (us vs lopez)