Midterm Human Anatomy Terms

What is the superior/posterior body cavity?

cranial cavity

What is the inferior/posterior body cavity?

vertebral cavity

What is the superior/anterior body cavity?

thoracic cavity

What is the inferior/anterior body cavity?

abdominopelvic cavity

What cavities of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs?

pleural cavities

What central cavity of the thoracic cavity contains the heart?

pericardial cavity

What is the pseudocavity of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart?

mediastinum cavity

What is the layer of serous membrane that contacts the surface that is surrounding the organ?

parietal layer

What is the layer of serous membrane that directly covers the organ?

visceral layer

What serous membrane covers the heart?

pericardium

What serous membrane covers each lung?

pleura

What serous membrane covers the majority of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity?

peritoneum

What organs are found inside the body, completely surrounded by the peritenum?

intraperitoneal organs

What organs are not completely surrounded by the peritoneum?

retroperitoneal organs

What layer of the skin is not part of the integumentary system?

hypodermis

What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

What layer of the skin is only found in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet?

stratum lucidum

What smooth muscle causes hair to stand up?

arrector pili muscle

What gland is associated with the hair shafts, keeping the hair and skin from drying?

sebaceous gland

What sudoriferous sweat gland is located all over the body and is present from birth?

merocrine gland

What sudoriferous sweat gland is located in the axial and anal-genital regions and is present when puberty hits?

apocrine gland

What kind of tissue does the papillary layer of the dermis contain?

areolar connective tissue

What kind of tissue does the reticular layer of the dermis contain?

dense irregular connective tissue

What mechanoreceptor is located in the papillary layer of the dermis?

tactile corpuscle

What mechanoreceptor is located in the reticular layer of the dermis?

lamellated corpuscle

What structure attaches bone to bone?

ligament

What are the cells of cartilage that produce matrix?

chondroblasts

What are the cells of cartilage that are surrounded by matrix?

chondrocytes

What are the small spaces that the chrondryoctes occupy?

lacunae

What type of cartilage growth happens within the cartilage and results in an enlarged piece of cartilage?

interstitial growth

What type of cartilage growth happens along the periphery of the cartilage and results in a larger piece of cartilage that has increase in size on the outside edges?

appositional growth

What is the formation of blood cells called?

hemopoeisis

What is the elongated, cylindrical shaft of the long bones called? (also contains the medullary cavity)

diaphysis

What is the knobby, enlarged regions at each end (proximal & distal) called?

epiphysis

What is the region found between the diaphysis and epiphysis that contains the epiphyseal growth plate called?

metaphysis

What is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering proximal and distal ends (the epiphysis) called?

articulating cartilage

What is the hollow cylindrical space found running the length of the diaphysis called?

marrow space

What covers most of the internal surfaces of bones?

endosteum

What cells lay down new bone, forming bone matrix?

osteoblasts

What cells destory bone, dissolving bone matrix and releasing calcium?

osteoclasts

What cells are trapped inside the lacunae, supporting the bone, and maintain matrix?

osteocytes

What kind of tissue does endosteum contain?

reticular connective tissue

What covers the external surface of long bone except the proximal and distal long ends that are covered by hyaline cartilage?

periosteum

What type of tissue does periosteum contain?

dense irregular connective tissue

What type of cell is NOT found in periosteum?

osteoclast

What attaches dense, irregular connective tissue to the underlying bone?

perforating fibers

What bone cells are stem cells?

osteoprogenitor cells

What kind of bone is formed by an internal and exernal layer of compact bone with a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between them?

flat bone

What is the basic structural and functional unit of a mature compact bone called?

osteon

What is found in the center of an osteon, carrying blood vessels and nerves?

central canal

What are the rings of bone around the central canal called?

lamellae

What are the tiny channels within the lamellae that connect lacunae and allow the osteocytes to communicate called?

canaliculi

What runs perpendicular to the central canal and helps connect many of them together?

perforating canal

What rings of bone are on the external edge of long bones and are internal to the periosteum that run the entire circumference of the long bone?

external circumferential lamallae

What are the incomplete rings that border the endosteum formed by reabsorption called?

interstitial lamallae

What type of bone formation is limited to the flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, including the mandible, and the central portion of the clavicle? (doesn’t go through having hyaline cartilage as a matrix)

intramembranous ossification

What type of bone formation uses the template formed by hyaline cartilage during fetal development?

endochondral ossification

What is the layer of hyaline cartilage located in the metaphysis of long bones, allowing humans to increase in height up to 16-22 years of age?

epiphyseal plate

What zone contains small chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage and is closest to the epiphysis?

zone of resting cartilage

What zone contains large chondrocytes and undergoes rapid mitotic division?

zone of proliferating cartilage

What zone allows chondrocytes to stop dividing and enlarge?

zone of hypertrophic cartilage

What zone kills chondrocytes due to deposited minerals?

zone of calcified cartilage

What zone has the lacunae breaking down, channels forming, capillaries filling in channels, and osteoprogenitor cells becoming present?

zone of ossification

What bone growth happens when a long bone grows in length and occurs in the epiphyseal plate?

interstitial growth

What bone growth happens when a long bone grows in diameter and occurs in the periosteum from infant to growth?

appositional growth

What artery supplies the diaphysis of a long bone?

nutrient artery

What artery supplies the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate?

metaphyseal artery

What artery supplies and drains the epiphyses?

epiphyseal artery

What artery supplies and drains the external circumferential lamalle and superficial osteons?

periosteal artery

What are the little bands in skeletal muscle tissue?

striations

What is the smallest unit of skeletal muscle?

myofilament

What do myofilaments make?

myofibrils

What do myofibrils make?

muscle fibers

What do muscle fibers make?

fascicles

What is the innermost band of skeletal muscle that surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber?

endomysium

What type of tissue does endomysium contain?

areolar connective tissue

What is the middle band of skeletal muscle that surrounds the fascicles?

perimysium

What type of tissue does perimysium contain?

dense irregular connective tissue

What is the outer band of skeletal muscle that surrounds the entire muscle?

epimysium

What type of tissue does epimysium contain?

dense irregular connective tissue

What fascia of epimysium surrounds the entire muscle and separates one muscle from another?

deep fascia

What fascia of epimysium separates muscles from the skin?

superficial fascia

What is a flat tendon called?

aponeurosis

What is the protein that stores oxygen in the middle fibers?

myoglobin

What are the three muscle fibers of skeletal muscle from fastest to slowest?

fast glycolytic, fast oxidative, slow oxidative

What is the constant tension in a rest muscle called?

muscle tone

What type of contraction allows the length of a muscle to be constant, but the tension in the muscle is changing?

isometric contraction

What type of contraction allows the tension of a muscle to be constant, but the length of the muscle is changing?

isotonic contraction

What does the muscle experience when it has not been used, running the risk of losing tone, size, and power?

atrophy

What does the muscle experience when it is stimulated repetitively and undergoes an increase in muscle fiber size?

hypertrophy

What is the muscle that produces a specific movement when it contracts?

agonist/prime mover

What is the muscle that produces an action that is the opposite to that of a prime mover?

antagonist

What is the muscle whose action assists that of a prime mover?

synergist muscle

What are the junctions that allow adjacent cells of a cardiac muscle to join end to end?

intercalated discs

What is it called when cells can generate a muscle impulse without nervous stimulation?

autorhythmicity

What are thin filaments of smooth muscle attached to?

dense bodies