mods 6.4-6.9 𝜗𝜚.

apush

robber barons

a negative term typically used to industrialists & capitalists who became wealthy by dominating large industries

vertical integration

major organizational technique that was used to reduce costs and undersell competition, used by controlling all elements of a supply chain by a single firm — “captains of industry”

horizontal intergration

major organizational technique used to gain more control over the market, acquiring firms that sold the same product. The ownership of as many firms (max) in an industry by a single owner

corporation

a form of business ownership in which the liability of shareholders in a company is limited to their individual investments. The formation of corporations in the late 19th century greatly stimulated industry investment

alexander graham bell

his telephone revolutionized communication and the introduction of '“electronic speech,” visiting his hearing-impaired mother in Canada

thomas alva edison

in 1876, Edison set up a research laboratory, and another in 1877, pioneering research laboratories that would eventually become standard american industrial development standards

john d. rockefeller

oil company led the way by creating trust and holding companies obtaining stock in #’s of the oil companies under his control, and evading state laws against monopolies by placing a petroleum trust

trust

business monopolies formed in the 19th cen. & 20th cen., through mergers and consolidation that inhibited competition and controlled the market

holding company

a company that controls 1 or more companies by owning their stock

santa clara county v. southern pacific railroad company (1886)

determined that the corporation was considered a “person” under the 14th amendment. ruling gave corp. some right due process that the framers of the amendment had meant to give the right same of the freed people, shielding corporations from gov’t regulation of the workforce

taylor and scientific management

1909- taylor published - suggesting that productivity would increase if jobs were optified and simplified. proposed connecting a worker to their skill level and then training them would be the most beneficial

sears roebuck and co.

founded in 1886 — mail order catalog co. ~ 1925. significant due to it being the largest retailer in the terms of domestic revenue in the US until 1989`

collective bargaining

the process of negotiation between labor unions and employer—mainly about wages, hours, job health, & conditions

knights of labor

founded in 1869, a labor federation aiming to unite workers in one national union & challenge the power of corporate capitalists

haymarket riot

1866 rally in haymarket square that resulted in violence — in its aftermath, the union movement in the US went into temporary decline

american federation of labor

trade union fed. founded in 1866, led by its 1st president, samual gompers, the AFL sought to organize skilled workers into trade-specific unions

samuel gompers

president of AFL, considered trade unions as “the business organizations of the wage earners to attend to the business of the wage earners” & favored the use of strikes

homestead strike

1892 lockout strike by steelworkers @ andrew carneige’s homestead steel factory. the strike collapsed after a failed assassination attempt on carneige’s plant manager, henry clay frick

pullman strike

1894 strike by workers against the Pullman railcar company, when the strike disrupted rail service nationwide, threatening mail delivery, president glover cleveland ordered federal troops to get the railroads moving again

eugene v. debs

labor leader who helped organize the american railroad union; the american railroad union went on strike against the pullman race car company > 1894 — strike put down by armed forces

socialist party in america

political party established in 1901 by eugene v debs for labor interests and economic reforms, as well as for public ownership of business through democratic processes

industrial workers of the world

organization grew out o the activities of the W. Federation of miners in the 1890s and formed by Eugene v. debs and others. known as wobblies, the IWW attempted to unite all workers (unskilled / skilled) to unite, to overthrow capitalism

mother jones

american labor union ad community organizer, and was a member of the IWW

old v. new immigrants

“OLD”- economic reasons, catholics, came from N or W Europe

“NEW”- religious freedom, jews or protestant, came from S or E Europe

pull / push factors

pull - civil rights, economic opportunities, religious freedom, free speech, and freedom of expression

push - religious persecution, political oppression, and poverty

ellis island

immigration station for european immigrants located in the NY harbor 1892-1954, many european immigrants passed through ellis island

angel island

immigration station for asian immigrants, mostly chinese gained admission to the US @ san francisco bay

nativism

the belief that foreigners pose a serious danger to the nation’s society & culture. nativist sentiment rose in the US as the size & diversity of the immigrant population grew

brooklyn bridge

opened in 1883, connecting manhattan w the city of brooklyn. bridges spanning large rivers and waterways also helped extend the boundaries of the inner city

electric trolley

invented in 1888 by Frank J sprague in richmond, virginia and montgomery, alabama. replaced horse-drawn carriages, as a new method of mass transportation used in cities.

dumbbell tenement

dumbbell-shaped multifamily apartment buildings that housed any poor urban dwellers @ the turn of the 20th cen. Tenements were crowded, uncomfortable, and dangerous

how the other half lives by jacob riis

illustrated the brutal conditions endured by tenement families on NY’s lower E. side. lamented, an epidemic “is excessively fatal among the poor by reason of the practical impossibility of isolating the patient in a tenement.”

sweatshops

small factories/shops in which workers toiled under poor conditions. business owners, particularly in the garment industry, turned tenement apartments into sweatshops

political machine

urban political organizations that dominated many late 19th-cen. cities. machines provided needed services to the urban poor, but they also fostered corruption, crime, & inefficiency

tammany hall

NYC’s political machine during the 19th-cen. it swindled the city out of a fortune while supervising the construction o a lavish 3-story courthouse in lower manhattan. the building remained unfinished in 1873—tweed convicted on fraud charges and sent to jail

pendleton civil service act

1883 act that required federal jobs to be awarded on the basis of merit through competitive exams rather than through political connections

settlement houses

community centers established by urban reformers in the late 19th-cen. settlement house organizers resided in the institutions they created and were often female, middle-class, and college educated

social gospel

religious movement that advocated the application of christian teachings to social & econpmic problems. the ideals of the social gospel inspired many progressive reformers

gilded age

coined by mark twain and charles dudley warner, describing the late 19th-cen. implied the golden appearance of the age was a shell of covering corruption & materialism of the era’s extremely wealthy under the surface

YMCA’s & YWCA’s

the young men’s/women’s christian association grew briskly during the 1880s as it erected buildings where young men and women could socialize, build moral character, and engage in exercises.

corporate capitalism

an industrialized, market economy thats dominated by large corporations - led to the expansion of both the wealthy and middle classes, and new lifestyles emerged.

“crisis of masculinity”

the affliction of the men in upper and middle classes in the late 19th-cen. marked by uncertainties over social roles and identity, sexuality, work, & personal relationships

wealth of a nation

created by adam smith, the theory of capitalism, attacking mercantilism. smith argued that the invisible forced that ruled the marketplace & law of supply + demand = price. profit desired was a powerful tool, driving marketplace and the government to stay out of economy

acres of diamonds

delivered by russell conwell - equated godliness w/ riches and argued that ordinary people had an obligation to strive for material wealth