Weathering is the breaking down of rock and soil that are exposed to the weather. The broken-down material does not move from the place where the weathering occurred.
There are 2 types of weathering:
Mechanical weathering
Chemical weathering
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Erosion is the breaking-down of rocks and soil and transportation of the erosion material.
Erosion is caused by:
Mechanical weathering breaks up rocks into smaller pieces by putting pressure on the rock.
Example of mechanical weathering: Freeze-thaw action
Freeze-thaw action occurs high up in mountainous areas where there is a lot of precipitation (rain, sleet and snow) and the temperatures regularly rise above and fall below freezing point.
Temperatures that repeatedly rise and fall: fluctuating temperatures.
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Chemical weathering is when rocks are dissolved because of a chemical reaction.
Example of chemical weathering: Carbonation
The atmosphere contains a gas called carbon dioxide (CO2)
Rainwater (H2O) mixes with the CO2 to form a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3)
The weak carbonic acid has a huge effect on limestone rock beacause limestone contains 80% calcium carbonate
The weak carbonic acid reacts with the calcium carbonate in the limestone and dissolves it
Limestone is a permeable rock
Permeable rock: rainwater can pass through the rock
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Karst landscapes: areas where limestone rock is exposed to carbonation
How a swallow whole is formed:
As a river flow underground through swallow holes they enlarge the passage through which they flow
As the water seeps through the rock, it carries dissolved limestone with it. Some of the water eventually reaches the roof of a cave or a cavern below the ground.
Drops of water may also seep through the rock and fall on the ground
After thousands of years a stalactite and a stalagmite can meet and join, resulting in the formation of a pillar or a column
Weathering and erosion produce loose material called regolith. Mass movement is when regolith moves down a slope due to gravity.
Gradient
Gradient: Steepness of the slope. The steeper of the slope the faster the movement of the regolith
Water content
Water content makes regolith heavier. Water also acts as a lubricant, which makes the movement of the regolith easier. Heavy rain can speed up mass movement.
Human activity
People sometimes dig into slopes in upland area for quarrying, mining and construction => wind turbines and roads. Digging into the slope makes the slope steeper => steep gradient
Vegetation
Grass and shrubs protect the soil from weathering and erosion. The roots of the plants bind the soil and keeps it stable to prevent mass movement
Animals
Burrowing animals can loosen soil, making it unstable. Overgrazing removes vegetation cover exposing the soil.
Mass movement is classified by the speed at which it happens. There are slow => soil creep, and fast => bog bursts, mudflows, landslides and avalanches
Soil creep is the movement of soil down a slope under the influence of gravity. It is the slowest form of mass movement. It becomes evident only when you examine the landscape closely:
A bog burst, or bog slide, occur when a mass of bog or peat moves down a slope after a period of heavy rainfall. The peat becomes so saturated that water can no longer soak downwards that makes it unstable, so the peat moves downslope and can block roads, knock down trees, damage road and buildings, and polute lakes and rivers
Mudflows occur when soil and regolith become saturated with water after periods of heavy rainfall and move downslope like a river of mud. They are one of the fastest forms of mass movement and can reach speeds of over 100 kph
Mudflows can also occur in the aftermath of a volcano in snowy regions, a volcanic eruption will cause snow and ice to melt quickly. This meltwater mixes with ash, soil and rock fragments to create a particularly dangerous kind of mudflow known as a lahar
A landslide is the rapid movement of regolith down a steep slope that has become unstable. Causes of landslides include coastal erosion, deforestation, heavy rainfall, earthquakes and undercutting by road building or quarrying
A landslide caused by heavy rainfall in south-west China in June 2017 buried 62 homes and more than a hundred people. Thousands of rescue workers with sniffer dogs and life-detection equipment searched in the rubble for the missing people. They also worked on unblocking the local river and roads that had been filled with material from the landslide
The lack of vegetation on the hillside made the disaster much worse than it might have been.
An avalanche is the rapid movement of snow and ice downslope when the weight of the snow is too much for the slope to hold.
An avalanche in a ski resort in the Italian Alps killed three skiers in March 2017. The skiers were skiing off-piste through fresh and unstable snow. Heavy snowfalls and strong winds probably caused the avalanche.
Humans can try to control natural disasters caused by mass movement. These hazards can be reduced or prevented in the following ways.
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