Studied by 32 people
Describe origin
Insertion of attachment, does not move
Describe insertion
Attachment that moves
Describe synergist muscles
Does the exact same action (biceps)
Describe antagonist muscles
Does the exact opposite action of synergist muscles (tricepts)
List the anatomy of a muscle cell
Sarcolemma (PM of the muscle cell), t-tubule (brings action potention to the center of the cell), multiple peripheral nuclei (store DNA, make RNA), sarcoplasmic reticulation (store and release calcium), mitochondria (create ATP to power cell), myofibrils (organized cytoskeleton that allows for contraction; thick and thin myofilaments), neuron (neuronmuscular junction - brings action potential from brain to activate the muscle)
List the steps of muscle contraction
Myosin head binds to actin, power stroke, bring the actin closer together; The sarcomere shortens but the filaments stay the same size
When can myosin bind to actin
When calcium is present
List the organization of myofilaments
Thick myofilaments (myosin), thin myofilaments (actin), z-disk (dystrophin), titin proteins, sarcomere (z-disk to z-disk)
What is a motor unit
A neuron and all of the fibers it attaches to
What is the cross section of a muscle
Epimysium (dense irregular CT, continuous with tendons), muscle, perimysium (moderately dense CT), fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers), endomysium (areolar CT), muscle fibers (cells), satellite cells (muscle stem cells, heal if you tear them), nerve (bundles of neurons, controls contraction)
Describe hypertrophy
Growth in size of muscle fibers, active muscles
Describe atrophy
Reduction of size, inactive muscles
Describe skeletal muscle
Moves the body, striated, cylindrical cells, multi-nucleated, voluntary, strong contractions (tire easily), contract 25-35% of length, heals quickly, actin and myosin are neatly organized
Describe smooth muscle
Walls of organs, non-striated, tapered cells, uni-nuclear, involuntary, weaker contractions (do not tire), contract 50% of length, heals slowly, actin and myosin are not neatly organized
What are the types of fascicle arrangements
Parallel, convergent, circular, unipannate, bipennate, multipennate
Describe parallel fascicle arrangement
Goes straight, longest distance of contraction, the WEAKEST
Describe convergent fascicle arrangement
Fans out
Describe circular fascicle arrangement
Anywhere you have sphincters (ex: mouth and eyes), (weakest, non-existent)
Describe unipennate fascicle arrangement
Fascicles on ONE side of one ligament
Describe bipennate fascicle arrangement
Fascicles on BOTH sides of one ligament
Describe multipennate fascicle arrangement
Fascicles on BOTH sides of MULTIPLE ligaments, shortest distance of contraction, the STRONGEST
First class lever system
Fulcrum is in the middle, no set of force or distance
Second class lever system
Center weight is in the middle, force advantage, distance disadvantage
Third class lever system
Center force is in the middle, force disadvantage, distance advantage
What is the formula for force
(Force of muscle)(Distance between CF and fulcrum) = (Weight moved)(Distance between CF and fulcrum)
What is the formula for distance
(Distance moved by muscles/Distance between CF and fulcrum) = (Distance moved by body part/Distance between CF and fulcrum)
Why do muscles of the same joint have opposite class lever systems
To cancel each other out and create a stronger joint
Note 
Flashcard (66)