Chapters 5: Stereotypes, Prejudices, and Discrimination

racism

prejudice and discrimination on a person’s racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another.

sexism

Prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another.

Stereotype

A belief or association that links a whole group of people with certain traits or characteristics.

Prejudice

Negative feelings toward persons based on their membership in certain groups.

Discrimination

Behavior directed against persons because of their membership in a particular group.

Modern racism

A form of prejudice that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize.

aversive racism

Racism that concern the ambivalence between fair-minded attitudes and beliefs on the one hand and unconscious and unrecognized prejudicial feelings and beliefs on the other.

Implicit racism

Racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally.

ambivalent sexism

A form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings.

stigmatized

Being persistently stereotyped, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic.

Stereotype threat

The experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one’s group.

Social categorization

The classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes.

Ingroups

Groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity.

Outgroups

Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity.

Outgroup homogeneity effect

The tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of in groups.

social dominance orientation

A desire to see one’s ingroup as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups.

System justification theory

A theory that proposes that people are motivated (at least in part) to defend and justify the existing social, political, and economic conditions.

Superordinate goal

A shared goal that can be achieved only through cooperation among individuals or groups.

Realistic conflict theory

The theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources.

Relative deprivation

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared with others.

ingroup favoritism

The tendency to discriminate in favor of in groups over outgroups.

Social identity theory

The theory that people favor in groups over outgroups in order to enhance their self-esteem.

Social role theory

The theory that small gender difference are magnifies in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women.

Stereotype content model

A model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimensions of competence and warmth.

Illusory correlation

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated.

subliminal presentation

A method of presenting stimuli so faintly or rapidly that people do not have any conscious awareness of having been exposed to them.

Contact hypothesis

The theory that direct contract between hostile groups will reduce intergoup prejudice under certain conditions.

Jigsaw classroom

A cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts.