Studied by 32 people
Earthen Roads
Laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or country side.
Gravel Roads
also low-quality roads but better compared to Earthen roads.
Murrum
A matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering agencies and are used to make this kind of roads
Kankar Roads
Provided where lime is available in reasonable quantity and are low quality and performance.
WBM
contains crushed stone aggregate in it's base course which are spread on the surface and rolled after sprinkling water.
Bituminous Roads
Prevalent and most used roads in the world. This road types are low in cost and suitable for driving conditions. Thickness depends upon the subgrade soil conditions.
Concrete Roads
Cement concrete is used. Very popular and costlier than any other type of roads. They are not flexible which requires less maintenance.
National Highways
Main roads that connect all major cities to the capital of the country. A minimum two-lane road is provided.
State Highways
Second main roads that connect significant parts of the state within it. This ultimately connects to the National Highways.
District Roads
Provided within the cities and connect markets and production places to state and national Highways.
Major District Roads
Connect headquarters of neighboring district with main parts of the area.
Minor District Roads
are laid within the region.
Rural Roads
Also know as Village Roads, connect the nearby villages. They lead to a nearby town or district roads. Usually, low quality roads are provided because of low traffic.
Light Traffic Roads
Carrying 400 vehicles daily
Medium Traffic Roads
carrying 400-1000 vehicles daily
High Traffic Roads
Carrying more than 1000 vehicles daily.
Based on Economy
Low-cost Roads, Medium-cost Roads, High-cost Roads
Based on Traffic Type
Pedestrian ways, cycle tracks, motorways/ expressways
Flexible Roads
Consist of flexible layers as a pavement surface, which requires proper maintenance; otherwise can be disintegrated easily with heavy traffic.
Rigid Roads
Non-flexible and cement concrete roads.
Plain Area Roads
Road constructed on levelled surface.
Hilly Area Roads
Roads constructed in hilly regions.
Rectangular/Block pattern
The complete area is divide into rectangle or block-shaped plots. Streets and roads intersect at a 90° angle.
Radial Pattern
The network of roadways is constructed in the shape of a circle that radiates away from the center of the area.
Hexagonal Pattern
Three roads intersect with the constructed region at each corner of the hexagon.
Minimum Travel Pattern
grows linearly in one direction possible due to the presence of some adjacent natural forces like sea or ocean on one side of the city.
Grid Pattern
made up of streets that connect at right angles to form squares.
Highway Alignment
determines how roads and railways will be constructed and maintained. It refers to the position of the central line of a roadway or the planned layout of the road on the ground.
Requirements of an Ideal Alignment
Directness/Short, Easy, Safe, Economical, etc.
Positive points
points which the alignment should pass
Negative Points
Alignments should not pass through
Roadways
usually owned and maintained by the government and are open to public for use. They ae often used for short-distance travel and transporting goods.
Railways
often used for long-distance travel and for transporting large quantities of goods.
Cross Section
a section of something that has been cut down the middle to show what is inside.
Geometric Design
includes the design of geometric cross sections, horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, intersections and various design details.
Lane Width
width of the road from the marked centerline to the edge marking or the edge of the road.
Curve radii
establish safe and comfortable
Lane Count
determines how many separate paths or lanes are available for vehicles to travel.
Sight Distance
ensuring safe and efficient vehicle operation by providing drivers with clear view of the road ahead.
Factors affecting SD
spacing between vehicles, vehicle speed, road gradient
Stopping Sight Distance
minimum distance required for s vehicle to come to a safe stop without colliding with any obstacles
Overtaking Sight Distance
minimum distance needed for a driver to safely overtake
Traveled Way
portion of the roadway provided for the movement of vehicles, exclusive of shoulders
Shoulders
intended primarily as a safety feature. Provided for accommodation of stopped vehicles, emergency use, and lateral support of the pavement.
Median
raised barriers in the center portion of the street or roadway.
Roadway
also known as carriageway. The portion of a highway provided for vehicular use.
Roadway Formation
or width provides the foundation for the road which includes the carriageway and shoulders
Curb
use to control drainage, delineate pavement edges, prevent the vehicles from leaving the pavement at hazardous point.
Berm
often neglected but essential part of road design, especially in hilly or sloped terrain. It helps manage water runoff and prevents erosion.
Building lines
protect the road’s integrity and safety by ensuring that buildings are set back a safe distance from the road.
Note 
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