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Aldehyde
Tollen’s or Fehling’s
Silver mirror or Orange-red precipitate
Primary/Secondary alcohol
Warm with acidified Potassium dichromate
Orange to green
Carboxylic acid
Sodium carbonate, effervescence
Bubble through limewater, milky/cloudy solution
Distinguishing between acids
Use IR spectroscopy to distinguish the two acids
Use finger-print region of IR spectrum
Look at a data source of known compounds to find a match
Alkene
Bromine water
Orange to colourless solution
Halogenoalkanes
Nitric acid + silver nitrate
C-Cl makes white ppt
C-Br makes cream ppt
C-I makes yellow ppt