Microbio Chapter 1

microorganism

organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

types of microbes

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, microscopic algae, and viruses

types of microorganisms

bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites

bacteria

prokaryotes, have genetic material in dna form but no nucleus, single-celled, have peptidoglycan cell walls, divide via binary fission, derive energy from inorganic/organic chemicals and photosynthesis

what is an unique ability of prokaryotes

they can derive energy from inorganic matter

archaea

considered prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan cell walls, often live in extreme environments

archaea examples

methanogens, extrema halophiles, extreme thermophiles

fungus

eukaryotes, cell walls made of chitin, absorb organic material for energy, gain energy from degrading organic material

why is mold multicellular?

mold consist of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments of called hyphae

protoza

eukaryotes, absorb or ingest organic chemicals, can be mobile due to pseudopods, cilia, or flagella, parasitic - derive nutrients from a living host

algae

eukaryotes, uni/multicellular, cell walls consist of cellulose, found in freshwater, saltwater, and soil, use photosynthesis for energy, produce oxygen and carbs

viruses

acellular, so usually referred to as microbe, dna/rna genome, core is surrounded by a protein coat, coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, replicated only when they are inside a living host cell, otherwise inert

multicellular animal parasites

eukaryotes, multicellular animals, not strictly microorganisms,

helminths

parasitic flatworms and roundworms are types of microorganisms, considered multicellular animal parasites

what is the basis for Three Domains system of classification of microorganisms developed by Carl Woese?

the cellular organization of organisms, comparing the sequences of nucleotides in rRNA from different cells, separated them into the three domains, they also differ in membrane lipid structure, tRNA, and antibiotic sensitivity

scientific nomenclature

consists of the genus first, then the specific epithet, they are italicized or underlined, the underline is not continuous between words, first letter of genus is capitalized nothing else is

Rober Hooke

in 1665 he observed a thin slice of cork through a crude miscroscope and reported that living things are composed of little boxes or ‘cells,’ this discovery marked the beginning of cell theory

cell theory

all living things are composed of cells

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

observed the first microbes from 1623-1673, wrote about animalcules he saw through magnifying lenses and made detailed drawings of microorganisms

spontaneous generation

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter

biogenesis

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life

What is the significance of pasteur’s work with microorganisms

proved that microorganisms are present in the air, demonstrated this by use of the s shaped flask, supported the theory of biogenesis and disproved spontaneous generation

s shaped flask

kept microbes out but let air in, due to the curved nature of their design

Joseph Lister

performed surgery under aseptic conditions using phenol, proved that microbes caused surgical wound infections

the germ theory of disease

the idea that microorganisms might cause disease

Robert Koch

The first proof that bacteria cause disease proved that a bacterium causes anthrax, and developed a procedure to identify this

Koch’s postulates

experimental steps used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

Edward Jenner

inoculated a person with cowpox virus, this virus mainly infects cattle and gives human a minor infection, this person was then protected from smallpox, making this the discovery of vaccines

chemotherapy

treatment of disease with chemicals

anitbiotics

chemicals are produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes

paul ehrlich

developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis

alexander fleming

observed that penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed s. aureus and hence no bacterial colonies around the mold

bioremeditation

using microbes to clean up pollutants

biotechnology

the use of microbes for practical applications, such as producing food and chemicals

biofilms

microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses, can cause infection and are resistant to antibiotics

eids

emerging infectious diseases, new diseases and diseases occuring more often