Condensed Notes: Development Theories, Milestones, and Infant Care

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering developmental theories, key Erikson/Kohlberg/Piaget concepts, growth directions, infant milestones, and basic infant care guidelines.

Gilligan's Moral Development – Preconventional

Survival and self-interest guide decisions.

Gilligan's Moral Development – Conventional

Self-sacrifice equates to goodness; moral decisions are based on caring for others.

Gilligan's Moral Development – Postconventional

Nonviolence and not harming self or others guide moral reasoning.

Erikson – Infant Stage (Trust vs. Mistrust)

Stage outcome: Hope; trust develops when caregiver consistently meets needs.

Erikson – Toddler Stage (Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt)

Stage outcome: Will; independence balanced against doubt.

Erikson – Preschool Stage (Initiative vs. Guilt)

Stage outcome: Purpose; exploration and ambition; guilt if discouraged.

Erikson – School Age Stage (Industry vs. Inferiority)

Stage outcome: Competence; mastery and productivity.

Erikson – Adolescence Stage (Identity vs. Role Confusion)

Stage outcome: Fidelity; forming a stable identity.

Erikson – Young Adult Stage (Intimacy vs. Isolation)

Stage outcome: Love; forming close relationships.

Erikson – Middle Adult Stage (Generativity vs. Stagnation)

Stage outcome: Care; contributing to the next generation.

Erikson – Older Adult Stage (Integrity vs. Despair)

Stage outcome: Wisdom; acceptance and reflective peace.

Kohlberg – Preconventional

Moral reasoning guided by avoidance of punishment and pursuit of rewards.

Kohlberg – Conventional

Moral reasoning guided by seeking approval and obeying rules.

Kohlberg – Postconventional

Moral reasoning guided by justice and personal ethics.

Piaget – Sensorimotor (0–2)

Learning through senses and actions; object permanence.

Piaget – Preoperational (2–7)

Language development; egocentrism.

Piaget – Concrete Operational (7–11)

Logic, cause/effect; conservation emerges.

Piaget – Formal Operational (11+)

Abstract reasoning; moral reasoning.

Growth & Development – Proximodistal

Center-to-outward development (proximal to distal).

Growth & Development – Cephalocaudal

Head-to-toe development.

Growth & Development – Differentiation

From simple to complex; progression from whole-hand to pincer grasp.

Infant Milestones – 4 months

Holds head steady, rolls, plays with hands, social interaction.

Moro reflex

Disappears by about 6 months.

Play

Promotes movement, communication, socialization, and learning.

Breastfeeding

Best nutrition; start within 30 minutes of birth; avoid pacifier early; encourage rooming-in.

Rooming-in

Baby shares a room with caregiver; supports bonding and feeding ease.

Pacifier

Avoid pacifier early to prevent nipple confusion.

Age-appropriate toys (~5 months)

Toys that are safe and suitable for about 5 months; encourage exploration.

Car seat – rear-facing

Rear-facing, securely fastened; never hold child in arms during travel.