Biology Final Exam

The independent variable goes on what axis?

X axis

The dependent variable goes on what axis?

Y axis

All the things in an experiment that must be kept the same to make it fair are called what?

Controlled Variables

What is a hypothesis

a scientific/educated guess

How is a hypothesis written

if, then, because

All organic compounds contain what?

carbon

The four major chemical organic compounds found in all living things are what?

Carbohydrates

proteins

lipids

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

What are carbohydrates used for

energy

What are proteins used for

muscle, skin, enzymes

what are lipids used for

cushion and hormones

What are nucleic acids used for

genetic information

What three elements make up a carbohydrate

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

what is the ration for the three elements that make up carbohydrates

1:2:1

In what form do plants and animals store glucose

Plants store glucose as starch and cellulose, while animals store glucose as glycogen.

What is Cellulose?

A complex carbohydrate made of glucose

what is Cellulose used for

it forms the cell wall in plant cells

how do enzymes work best in the body (add specifics such as pH and temperature)

Enzymes function best at a specific temperature such as pH 7 for human enzymes (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) anything cold would destroy the enzyme.

What is an enzyme

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

What is the relationship between an enzyme, catalyst and activator

Catalysts lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction. (an enzyme is a catalyst)

Traits of prokaryotic cells

no nucleus

no membrane bound organelles

smaller and simpler

Traits of Eukaryotic cells

have a nucleus

have membrane-bound organelles

larger and more complex

what structures are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

cell wall

chloroplasts

large central vacuole

What is the difference between a niche and a habitat?

A niche is an organism’s role or function in their environment, while a habitat is the physical environment an organism lives in.

Whats are examples of an organism’s niche

snakes eat mice

bees pollinate

what are examples of an organism’s habitat

rabbits live in burrows

fish live in water

What is a trophic level?

A step or position in a food chain or food web that represents where energy and nutrients transferred from one organism to another.

Energy pyramid

What is a renewable energy resource

a resource that is naturally replenished and will not run out for a long time. It can be made again

examples of a renewable energy resource

solar energy

wind energy

hydroelectric (water) power

biomass

geothermal energy

What is a non-renewable energy resources

Resources that exist in limited amounts and take millions of years to form. When used up the can’t be replenished quickly.

Examples of Non-renewable resources

coal

oil

natural gas

nuclear fuels (uranium)

What are greenhouse gases

gases that trap hear in the Earth’s atmosphere

What is the impact of greenhouse gases on the environment

They cause climate change and global warming by increasing the earth’s temperature. This leads to the melting of polar ice caps, rising sea levels, and many more extreme weather patterns. (warms up the environment)

What does fitness mean in connection to natural selection?

refers to an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce

What are adaptations

the process where organisms evolve traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

How did the population of light-colored peppered moths change after the industrial revolution?

The population decreased due to more factors being built which caused trees becoming darker so it was difficult to camouflage.

What is cellular respiration’s chemical equation

C6H12O6 →6CO2+6H2O+ATP

What is cellular respiration?

Breaks down food

ATP

energy

process which ATP is made

cellular respiration

How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis similar and different

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the opposite process that cycle energy and matter through ecosystem

The chemical equation for Photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2

What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis

sun, water, and carbon dioxide

Why cant organisms undergo photosynthesis in deep waters

Photosynthesis requires the sun to be able to synthesize and in deep water there is no light.

What process is used in deep water to synthesize organic compounds?

Chemosynthesis

What is a codon

A sequence of three nucleotides that initiates a stop signal

What are the bases for DNA

Cytosine

Guanine

Thymine

Adenine

What are the bases for RNA

Cytosine

Guanine

Uranine

Adenine

Sex-linked traits are carried mainly on this chromosome

X

Is frequency of inherited sex-linked traits higher or lower in males

Higher

Why would the frequency on sex-linked traits be higher in males?

Because they have one X chromosome

How are traits displayed when it is codominance

Both traits show up

(ex: red flower and white flower reproduce = red and white flower)

How do traits show up when it is incomplete dominance

Traits are mixed

(ex: red flower and white flower reproduce = pink flower)

Mitosis-cell divison and growth of _______ cells (46 cells)

somatic

Meiosis-cell division of ________ cells (23 cells)

gametes

Antibiotics are used to treat what infections?

Bacterial or Viral

What is a human’s scientific name

Homosapiens