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Arousal Theory
People are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal; maintains homeostasis.
Incentive Theory
Motivation from incentives, extrinsic reinforcement, or punishment; focuses specifically on how rewards motivate behavior
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
When attitudes differ from actions, attitudes change to reduce tension (dissonance)
Drive-reduction Theory
This theory says we act to satisfy basic needs.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Medium arousal results in the best performance; low arousal and too high arousal results in poor performance.
Self-Determination Theory
Explains how people are motivated to grow and change.
Instrinsic motivation
Comes from within: doing something because its inherently enjoyable, playing piano because you love music, and driven by personal satisfaction, curiosity, or growth.
Extrinsic motivation
Comes from outside sources; doing something for external rewards or to avoid punishment, studying to get good grades or avoid failing, or driven by praise, money, recognition, or avoiding negative outcomes.
Approach-approach conflict
When you have to pick between two attractive options, but you can only pick one.
Approach-avoidant conflict
One option has both positive and negative aspects.
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
When both choices are unattractive.
Sensation-Seeking Theory
Suggest that our motivation can come from a desire for new or exciting experiences. People are driven by a need for variety or novel activities.
Experience seeking
Looking for new ideas and experiences
Thrill or adventure seeking
Wanting to engage in risky or exciting activities
Disinhibition
Seeking situations that lower self-control or social norms.
Boredom susceptibility
Finding it hard to tolerate repetitive or dull situations.
Ghrelin
Stimulates hunger
Leptin
Inhibits hunger; feeling full
James-Lange Theory
Emotions result from cognitive awareness of physiological responses; Body first, mind interprets
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion and physiological response are independent and simultaneous; Separate responses triggered by the same event.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Facial expressions can influence emotions.
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