Studied by 3 people
memory
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
semantic memory
fact based Jeopardy-like information
procedural memory
how-to memory
episodic memory
memories of certain events in one's past
eidetic memory
photographic memory, very rare
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future (remembering to remember)
Three stages of memory (IN THIS ORDER)
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
encoding
the processing of information into the memory system
storage
the retention of encoded information over time
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
parallel processing
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
shallow processing
encoding the shapes, looks, or surface structure of things, especially words, not the meanings
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
semantic processing
the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words
Self-referent processing
encoding something based on how it relates to you; type of deep processing.
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
next-in-line effect
a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after the person
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
primacy effect
information at the beginning of a list is remembered better than the material in the middle
recency effect
information at the end of a list is remembered better than the material in the middle
overlearning
the additional rehearsal of information even after learning material that increases retention
visual encoding
the encoding of picture and images
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words
imagery
mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
rosy retrospection
recalling the high points of an event while forgetting the mundane
mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
method of loci
A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations
link method
forming a mental image of items to be remembered in a way that links them together
peg-word system
associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers
hierarchies
a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
acronym
a type of chunking in which a word is made out of the first letters of the to-be-remembered items
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
Three-stage memory model: sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
sensory memory
a quick, fleeting memory that is activated by the five senses
short term/working memory
activated memory that holds a few items (on average 7) briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system that includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
working memory
a newer understanding of Atkinson and Shiffrin's second stage of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
explicit memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" (aka declarative memory)
implicit memory
procedural, how-to memories that we don't have to think about
long-term potentiation
an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation and is believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
memory trace
proof of memory, the neuron physically changes when memories are made
CREB
the protein that forms memories by reshaping synapses; the less CREB, the less memory-making ability
recall
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
retrieval cues
anchor points used to access the information you want to remember later
deja vu
that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before"; cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
state-dependent memory
what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
context-dependent learning
putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval
amnesia
loss of memory
infantile amnesia
the inability to retrieve memories from before age 3
retrograde amnesia
the inability to remember anything after specific brain surgery or an accident
anterograde amnesia
the inability to form new memories after specific brain surgery or an accident
dementia
a loss of brain function that occurs with certain diseases; affects memory, thinking, language, judgement, and behavior
delirium
sudden severe confusion and rapid changes in brain function that occur with physical or mental illness
alzheimer's disease
a form of dementia that gradually gets worse over time and affects memory, thinking, and behavior; usually the body "forgets" to work and shuts down
dissociative disorder
dis-association of memory, sudden unawareness of some aspect of identity or history
cortisol
stress hormone
Tulving's Encoding Specificity Hypothesis
memory of information is improved if the cues that are present during learning are also present at the time of retrieval because those cues can be used to facilitate retrieval
distributed practice
working to retain information over time, not cramming it all in during one session, that produces better long-term recall
massed practice
cramming that can produce speedy short-term learning and feelings of confidence
tip of the tongue phenomenon
knowing the answer but not being able to retrieve it
proactive interference
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
retroactive interference
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
positive transfer
when old information facilitates the learning of new information
Schater's 7 Sins of Forgetting
THREE SINS OF FORGETTING
absent-mindedness
transience
blocking
THREE SINS OF DISTORTION
misattribution
suggestibility
bias
ONE SIN OF INTRUSION
persistence
absent-mindedness
inattention to detail leading to encoding failure
transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
blocking
inaccessibility of stored information
misattribution
confusing the source of information
suggestibility
the lingering effects of misinformation
bias
prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another
persistence
the continual recurrence of unwanted memories
motivated forgetting
when people unknowingly revise their memories
repression
defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
source amnesia
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
confabulation
the spontaneous narrative report of events that never happened; consists of the creation of false memories, perceptions, or beliefs about the self or the environment
Donald Broadbent
developed the encoding Filter Theory that states unimportant information is dropped and relevant information is encoded
Hermann Ebbinghaus
discovered the more time we spend learning novel information, the more we retain it (the Ebbinghaus retention curve)
Karl Lashley
lesioned rats' brains after running a maze to discover where memory is stored; concluded that it is all over the cortex
Note 
Flashcard (41)