Sensation: the basic processes by which sensory organs and the nervous system respond to stimuli in the environment and the elementary psychological experiences that result from these processes.
Perception: the more complex organizing of sensory information within the brain and the meaningful interpretations extracted from it.
Physical stimulus: the matter of energy of the physical world that impinges on sense organs.
Sensory receptors: specialized structures that respond to physical stimuli by producing electrical changes that can initiate neural impulses in sensory neurons
Sensory neurons: spec-lined neurons that carry information from sensory receptors into the central nervous system
Sensory Transduction: when a receptor cell produces an electrical charge in response to physical stimulation.
Sensory adaptation: the change in sensitivity that occurs when a given set of sensory receptors and neurons is either strongly stimulated or relatively unstimulated for a length of time.
The stimuli for smell are molecules that evaporate into the air, are taken into the nasal cavity, and then become dissolved in mucous guild covering that olfactory epithelium.
Olfactory epithelium: contains roughly 6 mil olfactory sensory neurons
Age:
Gender:
Mother-infant bonding: both mothers and newborns can identify each other based on smell alone
Choosing a genetically compatible mate: many species prefer a mate that smells most opposite of them
Pheromone: a chemical substance that is released by an animal, and acts on the members of its species to promote some specific behavioral or psychological response.
Odorants: a substance giving off a smell, that can enter through the nostrils or the mouth.
Nasopharynx: opening in the back of the mouth which connects the nasal cavity
Flavor: consists of true taste as well as smell. We experience flavor as coming only from our mouth
Anatomy and Physiology:
2/3 of taste buds are on the tongue and the rest are on the roof of the mouth and the throat
Specialized taste receptor cells are on the taste buds
Can trigger neural impulses in taste sensory neurons, which send input to the primary taste areas in the frontal lobe and other parts of the brain
Six primary taste/receptor cells include; sweet, sour, fat, umami, bitter, and salty.
Generally, pleasant and unpleasant tastes correlate to nutritional and non-nutritional foods for our ancestors living in more natural, non-sedentary, environments
Salt balances bodily fluids, sugar provides energy, and protein builds tissues
Decaying matter tastes sour, and plant and animal toxins taste bitter
Women are more sensitive to bitter tastes in the first three months. During pregnancy, when the fetus is most vulnerable to poisons
Children’s extra sensitivity may have helped early development
Somatosense: we experience pain coming from our bodies, not the world.
Nociceptors: free nerve endings of pain sensory neurons located in many parts of the body
Free nerve endings: sensitive nerve terminals throughout the body
C fibers and A-delta fibers: two types of pain sensory neurons mediate two different waves of pain
Fast “first” pain travels along the myelinated A-delta fibers, and slow “second” pain travels along C fibers
Brain areas for three components of pain experience:
The sensory component which depends largely on the sotomasensory cortex
The primary emotional and motivational component depends on the person’s limbic system
The secondary emotional and motivating component is suffering that derives from the person’s worrying about the future or about the meaning of the pain
Walls Gate-Control Theory of Pain: Pain depends on the degree to which pain input can pass through a gate to the CNS that enters the brain stem
Outer Ear: receives and funnels sound waves towards the structure where transduction occurs
Pinna: a flap of skin and cartilage forming the visible portion of the ear
Pitch perception: the aspect of hearing that allows us to tell how high or low a given tone is
Conduction deafness: ossicles become rigid and cannot carry sounds inward from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea
Receptors: 130 million photoreceptors embedded in your retina
Rods: insensitive to color, mostly responsible for peripheral vision and mission at night
Cones: color sensitive, responsible for clear vision
Psychophysics: the study of relationships between physical characteristics stimuli and sensory experience produces by those stimuli
Absolute threshold: the faintest debatable stimulus of any type of stimulus
Difference threshold: the minimal difference in magnitude between two stimuli that are required for the person to detect them as different