COMP 2

Cell

Structural and functional unit of living things, including humans

Plasma Membrane

Encloses and supports cellular contents, controls what goes into and out of the cell

Cytoplasm

Cellular fluid material outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane

Cytoskeleton

Supports the cell and organelles; responsible for changes in cell shape and organelle movement

Organelle

Small specialized structure with particular functions within the cell

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, contains DNA

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Synthesis and modification of proteins (rough ER), and lipid, steroid, and carbohydrate synthesis (smooth ER)

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

Lysosomes

Digestion of molecules no longer needed by the cell

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell; ATP production

Centrioles

Cell division

Cilia

Movement of substances across the surface of cells

Flagella

Mobility (found on sperm cells)

Microvilli

Increases cell surface area (e.g., absorptive cells of intestine)

Histology

Study of tissues

Epithelial Tissue

Covers/lines

Connective Tissue

Supportive (bone and cartilage)

Muscle Tissue

Movement

Nervous Tissue

Control our body, send messages

Simple Epithelium

Single layer

Stratified

More than one cell layer

Squamous

Squashed and flat

Cuboidal

Square, nuclei central

Columnar

Tall cells (rectangular), nuclei towards their base

Transitional

Changes shape from columnar to cuboidal (only in urinary area)

Connective Tissue

Connects and binds together, supports, strengthens, protects, insulates, compartmentalize, transports, provides energy

Adipose Cells (Adipocytes)

Energy source and cushioning

Fibroblasts

Secrete fibers and ground substance

Mast Cells

Immunity

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

Repair injury and fight off infection (e.g., neutrophils)

Macrophages

Phagocytose foreign molecules (e.g., dust particles), phagocytose injured cells and foreign bacteria

Collagen Fibers

Abundant and diverse, redgity and strong, found in skin, muscle, bone

Elastic Fibers

Stretch and recoil, aorta, larynx

Reticular Fibers

Supportive network, thin, highly branched, found in small blood vessels, lymph nodes, arteries and uterus

Areolar (Loose Connective Tissue Proper)

Loose packing, support and binding other tissues, widely distributed

Adipose (Loose Connective Tissue Proper)

Nutrient-storing ability, shock absorption and protection, insulation, fat beneath skin and surrounding organs

Reticular (Loose Connective Tissue Proper)

Forms a framework to support free blood cells (white blood cells, mast and macrophage cells), lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

Regular (Dense Connective Tissue Proper)

Attachment, highly organised and aligned, tendons (muscles to bones), ligaments (bones to bones)

Irregular (Dense Connective Tissue Proper)

Provides strength and stretching capabilities in multiple directions (3D), skins dermis, fibrous coverings surrounding bones, cartilages, organ capsules

Elastic (Dense Connective Tissue Proper)

Has high recoil and strength, walls of arteries, ligaments between spinal vertebrae

Cartilage

Provides protection, flexibility, rigidity and capable of withstanding pressure

Hyaline Cartilage

Most abundant and found in the rib cage, trachea, articulating surfaces of bones and nose

Fibrocartilage

Found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Elastic Cartilage

Found in the ear and epiglottis

Bone

Supports and protects body structures

Spongy Bone

Found at ends of long bone, sternum, vertebrate and pelvis

Compact Bone

Found in the shaft of long bone and makes up the outer portions of all bones

Blood

Transport for nutrients, wastes and respiratory gasses around the body

Muscle Tissue

Highly cellular, well vascularized and responsible for tension and body movements

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bones of the skeleton

Cardiac Muscle

Found only in wall of heart

Smooth Muscle

Found mainly in walls of hollow organs and tubes

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Neurons

Nerve cells, have the ability to produce and conduct action potentials

Neuroglia

Act to nourish, protect and insulate neurons