Kaplan BIO ch 1

cells

Cell theory

1. Cell is the basic unit of life

2. cells must come from other cells

3. all living things are made of cells

4. all cells use dna to pass on genetic info

prokaryote vs eukaryote

prokaryotes always single celled

eurkaryotes have membrane bound organelles

Nucleous

houses dna

nuclear membran encloses it

nuclear pores let stuff selectivly come in and out

houses nucleoules

nucleolus

dark spot withing nucleous

site of rRNA synth

Mitochondira

double membraned

atp production

can start apoptosis

passes on genetic information independent of nucleous

cyoplasmic/extranuclear inheritence

genetic info that is passed from parent to daughter cell independent of nucleous

lysosomes

contains hydrolytic enzymes

can also do apoptosis

autolysis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

continuous with nuclear membrane

rough has ribosomes on it for translation

smooth does lipid synth and detox

smooth also transports proteins from rough er to golgi aparatus

golgi aparatus

fed ex of the cell

accepts vessicles, modifies them, repackeges them, and ships them to wherever they need to go. 

cyto skeleton

provides structure for the cell.

Three parts: microfilaments

microtubules

intermediate filaments

microfiliaments

actin filamnets

gives cell resistance to compression and fracture

used in cytokenisis

used in muscle contraction

micro tubules

hollow tubulin polymers

cillia and flaggela

centrioles in the centrisome

used in kinetichores

used in motor proteins

flagella and cillia have 9+2 structure

intermediate fillaments

provide sturcture and bind together organelles

epithelial cells

form the parenchyma (functional) part of the organ

can be single layerd (simple), multi (stratified) or one layer that looks like multi (psuedo stratified)

can be cuboidal, columnar, or squamous

gram positive

stains purple on gram test

cell wall has peptoglycin and lipoacid

gram negative

stains red pink in gram stain

cell wall separated from membrane by periplasmid space

containes lipopolysaccharides that our immune system detects

chemotaxis

the ability to response to chemical stimuli

plasmids

small circular dna not part of the bacterial genome that can pass on beneficial traits

barcteria

single celled

cell wall and cytoplasm

nucleoid 

can live in intra or extra cellular conditions,

cocci, spirilli, or baccili, 

the cell wall plus membrane is called the envelope

archae

single celled organisms

have many similarities to eurkaryotes

viral structure

protein coat, tail sheth for injecting genome, tail fibers.

binary fission

method of bacteria replication, faster than mitosis

transformation

integration of foreing genetic material

conjugation

transfer of plasimds from male donor to female recipiant

needs sex facts

if plasmid is recombined into genome, produces high frequency recombination bacteria

transduction

genetic transfer via bacteriophage

positive vs negative sense virus

positive sense virus may directly traslate from host ribosomes

negative sense carry complimentary strand to what the host can read and therefore must synthesize complimentary strand first. 

neg sense must carry RNA replicase

bacterial growth stages

lagging, exponential, stationary, and deat

retro viruses

integrate themselves into the genome of the host cell using reverse transcriptase

productive cycle

virus leaves host cell via membrane, keeping host cell intact (extrusion)

lytic cycle

virus keeps replicating until host cell swells and bursts from too many virions. these viruses are deemed virulent

lysogenic cycle

virus integrates itself into the host genome as a provirus/prophage

virus replicates whenever host replicates

virus can leave prophage form and perform lytic cycle whenever

prions and viroids

prions are misfolded proteins that can cause protein aggregates to form

degredation from alpha helix to beta pleated

viroids are basically plant viruses

very small