James, C., Este, D., and Bernard, W. T (2010) (4, Racism-related stress)

What are some forms of racism?

Racism can manifest as overt acts (e.g., name-calling) and subtle patterns (e.g., exclusion).

What does systemic racism reflect?

Systemic racism reflects larger patterns of societal domination and is deeply embedded in institutions.

What is the impact of racism on individual dignity?

Racism strips individuals of dignity and self-worth, leading to feelings of degradation and alienation.

How does racism affect personal identity?

The pressure to assimilate into dominant white society can lead to identity suppression and internalized racism.

What is exoticization racism?

Exoticization racism perpetuates 'otherness' through questions about one's origin and includes stereotyping based on race.

What are the effects of dehumanization racism?

Dehumanization racism includes acute acts of exclusion and leads to feelings of humiliation in housing, employment, and education.

What is marginalization racism?

Marginalization racism involves being treated as inferior and having ideas dismissed, leading to exclusion from opportunities.

How do immigrants and their children experience alienation racism?

They may feel like outsiders facing both societal and systemic exclusion, contributing to feelings of being second-class citizens.

What coping mechanism do individuals employ to deal with racism?

Participants often spoke of 'wearing masks' to cope with the mental stress of racism.

What is internalized racism?

Internalized racism involves individuals adopting societal limits, sometimes losing hope, or overcompensating to counter stereotypes.

How does the stereotype of the 'threatening Black man' affect behavior?

It forces individuals to modify their behavior to appear non-threatening in order to avoid profiling.

What trends are observed in generational differences in experiences of racism?

Canadian-born children of immigrants report higher levels of alienation compared to their immigrant parents.

What does Critical Race Theory assert?

Critical Race Theory posits that racism is part of a larger structure of white domination present in society.

What challenges do immigrants face according to acculturative stress theory?

Immigrants deal with economic hardship, social exclusion, and cultural adaptation stress.

How does structural exclusion undermine merit-based ideals?

Structural exclusion contradicts Canada's merit-based ideals, especially affecting Black professionals.

What is a vital strategy for recognizing racism?

Awareness of overt and covert forms of racism is critical for addressing systemic inequalities.

How can personal narratives aid in understanding racism?

Emphasizing personal narratives helps to dismantle myths of a post-racial society.

What advocacy efforts can challenge institutional racism?

Promote equitable access to housing, education, and employment opportunities.

How can resilience be built in response to racism?

Encourage open dialogues about race and identity, along with supporting tailored mental health resources.

What psychological effects does racism induce?

Racism fosters a constant state of anxiety, paranoia, and self-doubt among individuals.

What do individuals report about their stress levels related to racism?

Many individuals experience ongoing mental and emotional strain due to fear and racial profiling.

What is the link between racism and societal exclusion?

Racism leads to both social and systemic exclusion, impacting economic and psychological well-being.

How does racism contribute to feelings of alienation?

Racism contributes to feelings of alienation by making individuals feel excluded from societal acceptance.