SBI 3U1 - Grade 11 Biology - Unit 1

Species

a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring

Morphology

The study of the form and structure of organisms.

Morphological Species Concept

A definition that classifies species based on physical characteristics and structural features, regardless of reproductive isolation.

Biological Species Concept

Focuses on the interbreeding ability of an organism to produce fertile offspring. Cannot apply to species that reproduce asexually.

Phylogenetic species concept

Focuses on the evolutionary relationships among organisms. It uses DNA analysis and it can be used with extinct species.

Taxomomy

The branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species.

Classification

Grouping species according to shared qualities or characteristics.

Ancestor

An organism(s) from which other groups of organisms are descended.

Anatomical Evidence

Evidence that deals with structure and form, including internal systems.

Physiological Evidence

Evidence that deals with the physical and chemical functions of organisms, including internal processes.

DNA Evidence

Evidence that deals with the DNA.

Phylogenetic Trees

A diagram used to represent a hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

Homologous traits

Traits that stem from a common evolutionary ancestor.

Capsid

A protein coat protecting genetic material (DNA or RNA). All viruses have one.

Replication

The process every cell goes through where its DNA gets copied before the cell reproduces.

Lytic Cycle

The replication process in viruses in which the viruses genetic material uses he copying machinery of the host cell to make new viruses.

Lysogenic Cycle

The replication process in viruses, in which the viral DNA enters the host cell’s chromosome; it may remain dormant and later activate and instruct the host cell to produce more viruses.

Provirus

A virus that is integrated into the DNA of a host cell. It can stay there without making new viruses right away.

Prion

An infectious particle that causes damage to nerve cells in the brain, and that appears to consist mostly or entirely of a single protein.

Species Diversity

The variety and abundance of species in a given area.

Genetic Diversity

The variety of heritable characteristics (genes) in a population of interbreeding individuals.

Ecosystem Diversity

The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere.

Genes

The genetic material that controls the expression and inheritance of traits.

Gene Pool

All the genes of all the individuals in a population.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species in a specific area at a specific time.

Biotic Factors

Include interacting populations of species. Living things within an ecosystem.

Abiotic Factors

A non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its environment.

Resilience

The ability of an ecosystem to remain functional and stable in the presence of disturbances to its parts.

Capsule

Sticky layer that protects the cell from various things like antibiotics. Is outside the cell wall. Some viruses and bacterial have, not all.

Plasmid

A small, additional DNA loop, separate from the main chromosome.

Flagellum

A whip like structure that rotates for movement through an aquatic habitat.

Pilus

A hair-like structure associated with bacterial adhesion and related to bacterial colonisation and infection. Are the little long things surrounding the cell.

Cocci

Spherical form of bacteria

Bacilli

Rod-shaped form of bacteria.

Spirillium

Spiral-shaped form of bacteria.

Diplo

Pairs of bacteria. Can only apply to cocci and bacilli.

Strepto

Linear chains of bacteria. Can only apply to cocci and bacilli.

Staphylo

Clusters of bacteria. Can only apply to cocci.

Methanogenesis

A biological (or chemical) proccess that produces methane as a byproduct.

Cyanobacteria

The group of bacteria that are photosynthetic.

Extermophiles

An archae organism that lives in habitats characterised by extreme conditions.

Mesophiles

An organism that lives in habitats characterised by moderate conditions.

Thermophile

Type of extremophile that likes hot temperatures.

Acidophile

Type of extremophile that likes highly acidic environments.

Halophiles

Type of extremophile that likes highly salty environments.

Gram Staining

A method of staining used to classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria.

Gram positive

Purple, cells have a thick protein layer.

Gram negative

Pink, cells have a thin protein layer; more likely to be pathogenic.

Pathogenic

A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism causing disease.

Hyphae

A multicellular, thread like filament that makes up the basic structural unit of a fungus. Like on a mushroom, it is the trunk.

Mycelium

A complex, net-like mass made of branching hyphae. The roots

Fruiting Body

The spore-producing reproductive structure in fungi.

Cilia

Found on Paramecium that helps with locomotion and sweeping food particles into the oral groove.

Oral groove + gullet

Found in paramecium that is used to take in food particles + transport to food vacuole

Contractile Vacuole

Found in Paramecium and Euglena that helps suck up water and expel it from the cell.

Anal Pore

Found in Paramecium that helps excrete waste.

Eyespot

Found in Euglena to help detect the presence of light.

Pseudopods

Found in Amoeba used for locomotion + to engulf food particles.

Bryophyte

A small, non-vascular land plant.

Tracheophytes

A vascular plant.

Pteridophytes

A vascular plant that reproduces by means of spores.

Gymnosperms

Group of woody, perennial seed-producing plants, typically lacking the protective outer covering which surrounds the seeds in flowering plants.

Angiosperms

Flowering plants

Monocots

Flowering plants whose seeds contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.

Dicots

a type of flowering plant characterized by its two cotyledons, tetramerous or pentamerous flowers, and net-like leaf veins.

Invertebrates

Animals without backbones (about 95% of animals)

Vertebrates

Animals with backbones.

Body Cavity

A fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs.

Coelom

A fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems.

Segmentation

The division of the body into repetitive segments or sections.

External reproduction

Gametes combine outside the body.

Internal reproduction

Occurs when the egg and sperm combine inside the female body.