Vivila La Revolucion

Absolute Monarch

A king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society

King Louis XVI

absolute monarch at the start of the French Revolution

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe. These philosophers asked questions and used reason and observations to seek change in government.

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly (formerly the Third Estate) in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution

Storming of the Bastille

Destruction of the prison seen as the true start of the French Revolution.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Reign of Terror

(1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed for "disloyalty"

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Maximilien Robespierre

Leader of the Reign of Terror

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Conquered much of Europe. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleon in Russia (1812)

Napoleon's first miss-step; attacked and held the ruins of Moscow after the Russians destroyed it, had to retreat from Russian winter, lost 80% of his men.

Battle of Waterloo

The battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained. New countries were created in Europe

Nation-state

A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality

Latin American Revolutions

Political revolutions in various Latin American countries beginning in the late 1700's. These revolutions were aimed at overthrowing the European powers that controlled these nations. Many were successful.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy and the system of aristocratic privilege, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Barriers to Gran Colombia

Andes Mountains and Amazon River Basin

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint L'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. First successful slave revolution.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti.

Jose de San Martin

Led revolts for Argentina and worked with Bolivar to free Peru from Spanish rule

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain.

German Unification

In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm I, named the first leader of Germany.

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. Nationalist who led German unification efforts

Realpolitik

realistic politics based on the needs of the state

Blood and Iron

policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Slogan of the French Revolution

Italian unification

Mazzini (The Soul), Garibaldi (The Sword), Cavour (the Brain), and Victor Emmanuel II led the unification.

Giuseppe Mazzini

The Soul- Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi

The Sword- Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state

Camilo di Cavour

The Brain- Used diplomacy and smart alliances to unite all of Italy.

John Locke

Enlightenment philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, and Property

Consent of the Governed

The idea that government derives its authority by permission of the people.

Baron de Montesquieu

Enlightenment philosopher who believed government should have separation of powers

Separation of Powers

the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Enlightenment philosopher who came up with the social contract

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.