Excretory system, fluids & electrolytes disorders (copy)

Obstructive uropathy

Condition where urine flow is blocked, potentially causing kidney damage

Calculi

Solid particles that form in the urinary tract, commonly known as kidney stones

Renal colic

Severe pain caused by the passage of a kidney stone through the urinary tract

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidney, affecting kidney function

Glomerular filtration rate

Measure of how well the kidneys filter blood, reflecting overall kidney function

Acute kidney injury

Sudden decline in kidney function, often measured by increased serum creatinine or decreased urine output

Prerenal acute kidney injury

Kidney dysfunction caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys

Postrenal acute kidney injury

Kidney dysfunction due to obstruction in the urinary tract

Intrarenal acute kidney injury

Kidney dysfunction caused by direct damage to the kidneys, such as inflammation or toxins

Chronic kidney disease

Long-term, progressive decline in kidney function, often leading to kidney failure

Azotemia

Elevated levels of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, indicative of reduced kidney function

Uremic syndrome

Severe complication of kidney failure, characterized by accumulation of waste products in the blood

Uremia

A clinical syndrome associated with worsening kidney function and the accumulation of urea and other waste products in the blood.

Anasarca

Severe, generalized edema, often associated with nephrotic syndrome or severe kidney disease.

Module 9b

Disorders of Balance of pH and Electrolytes

Primary acid-base disturbance

An imbalance in the body's acid-base status due to a primary underlying cause, such as metabolic or respiratory conditions.

Acidosis

A condition characterized by an excessive acid in the body fluids.

Alkalosis

A condition characterized by an excessive base in the body fluids.

Metabolic acidosis

A decrease in blood pH due to an accumulation of acids or loss of bicarbonate.

Metabolic alkalosis

An increase in blood pH due to an accumulation of bicarbonate or loss of acids.

Respiratory acidosis

A decrease in blood pH due to elevated carbon dioxide levels from impaired lung function.

Respiratory alkalosis

An increase in blood pH due to decreased carbon dioxide levels from excessive breathing.

Anion gap

A calculated measure used to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis.

Hypercapnia

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood, usually due to hypoventilation.

Hypocapnia

Decreased carbon dioxide levels in the blood, usually due to hyperventilation.

pH compensation

Body's attempt to restore normal pH levels by adjusting respiratory or metabolic functions

Partially compensated pH

State where compensatory mechanisms are active but pH has not yet returned to normal

Fully compensated pH

State where compensatory mechanisms have successfully restored pH to normal levels

Corrected state

Condition where the underlying cause of a pH imbalance has been resolved, and normal pH is maintained without compensation

Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels in the blood

Hypernatremia

High sodium levels in the blood

Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels in the blood

Hyperkalemia

High potassium levels in the blood

Hypocalcemia

Low calcium levels in the blood

Hypercalcemia

High calcium levels in the blood

Hypomagnesemia

Low magnesium levels in the blood

Hypermagnesemia

High magnesium levels in the blood

Hypovolemia

Decreased blood volume

Hypervolemia

Increased blood volume

Water intoxication

Potentially fatal disturbance in brain functions due to electrolyte imbalance from rapid water intake