Psych Notes Test 1

Trait Theory

a measurement of consistent pattern of individual's behavior, thoughts, and emotions

Gordon Allport

researched 4,000+ traits people are born with; you either have it or you don't

Factor Analysis

identifies clusters of test items to identify one trait, shown in personality inventories

Personality Inventories

long questionnaires covering a range of traits at once

MMPI

567 T/F questions, personality traits and psychopathology, test people who are suspected of having mental health or emotional disorders

Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

describe personality characteristics based off Carl Jung's 8 personality traits - extroverted, intuition, thinking, judging, sensing, feeling, perceiving, introverted

Hans Eysenck

factor analysis, break down personality into dimensions

Introversion/Extraversion

one of the dimensions in Eysenck's model of personality (social)

Emotional stability/instability (neurotic)

one of the dimensions in Eysenck's model of personality (mental)

Big 5

a model describing personality traits including openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Openness

high: creative/flexible; low: hate change

Conscientiousness

high: attentive/detailed; low: procrastinates/careless

Extroversion

high: sociable; low: reserved

Agreeableness

high: trusting/helpful; low: ruthless/manipulative

Neuroticism

high: moody/stressed; low: calm/reserved

Cognitive expectancy

one's behavior will lead to an outcome

Internal locus of control

belief that one controls their own destiny

External locus of control

belief that others control one's destiny

Self Serving Bias

our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably

Reciprocal determinism

behavior both influences & is influenced by personal factors & the social environment

Self concept

all thoughts and feelings about identity

Real self

perception of self

Ideal self

who you would like to be

Unconditional positive regard

full acceptance of others no matter the cause

Conditions of worth

explicit standards for acceptance and love

Psychoanalysis

childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personalities

Id

impulsive part of the psyche that responds directly to basic urges, needs, and desires

Pleasure Principle

the drive to receive instant gratification

Superego

moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values

Morality Principle

internalized need to comply with authority

Ego

mediates between the id & the superego, operating primarily at the conscious level

Reality Principal

delays demands of the id to a more appropriate time

Free Association

Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their mind to tap into the unconscious

Projective tests

evaluation assessments of personality through free association

Rorschach Inkblot Test

seeks to identify people's feelings by analyzing their interpretations of inkblots

Neo-Freudians

agreed with Freud about id, ego, superego, unconscious but disagreed that tensions were sexual

Collective unconscious

a shared/inherited reservoir of images derived from our species's past

Archetype

the universal, symbolic images that appear across cultures in myths, art, stories, and dreams

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

expresses their inner feelings, interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes

Repression

ego pushes unwanted/unacceptable feelings into unconscious

Denial

refusing to believe or accept uncomfortable reality

Reaction Formation

turn unwanted thought in opposite emotion

Projection

transfer of unwanted feelings onto another person

Displacement

redirecting one's feeling towards a less threatening person or object

Rationalization

make excuses or justifications for why something occurred

Sublimation

transferring undesirable feeling into a more socially acceptable one

Regression

revert to an earlier stage of emotional or mental development

Gordon Allport

researched 4,000+ traits people are born with; you either have it or you don’t

Julian Rotter

famous for his social learning theory on a locus of control

Carl Rogers

self concept, real self, ideal self

Carl Jung

8 personality traits (extroverted, intuition, thinking, judging, sensing, feeling, perceiving, introverted)