CHAPTER 10 Nervous System

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45 Terms

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Nervous System

Hệ thần kinh

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Nerve Cells

Tế bào thần kinh

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

Hệ thần kinh trung ương (CNS)

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Hệ thần kinh ngoại biên (PNS)

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Nerves

Dây thần kinh

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Plexus

Đám rối

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Autonomic Nervous System

Hệ thần kinh tự trị

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Sympathetic Nerves

Dây thần kinh giao cảm

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Parasympathetic Nerves

Dây thần kinh ngoại biên

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Sense Receptors

Thụ thể cảm giác

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Dây thần kinh giao cảm

Dây thần kinh kích thích cơ thể trong thời gian căng thẳng và khủng hoảng, tăng nhịp tim và sức mạnh, giãn đường thở và tăng huyết áp.

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Dây thần kinh đối giao cảm

Dây thần kinh hoạt động như sự cân bằng cho dây thần kinh giao cảm, làm chậm nhịp tim, giảm huyết áp và kích thích cơn co thắt ruột.

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Neuron

Tế bào thần kinh đơn lẻ, dẫn xung thần kinh và bao gồm dendrites, thân tế bào, axon và synapse.

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Myelin sheath

Lớp mô mỡ bao phủ axon, cách điện và tăng tốc độ truyền xung điện trong hệ thần kinh.

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Dây thần kinh

Cấu trúc vĩ mô, bao gồm nhiều axon di chuyển cùng nhau, chuyển xung thần kinh giữa não và tủy sống với các cơ quan và ngược lại.

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Parenchyma

Mô phân biệt thiết yếu của hệ thần kinh, bao gồm neuron dẫn truyền xung điện.

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Glial cells

Tế bào hỗ trợ hệ thần kinh, bao gồm astrocytes, microglial cells, oligodendroglial cells và ependymal cells, giúp hệ thần kinh chống nhiễm trùng và hỗ trợ cấu trúc.

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Blood-Brain Barrier

Protective separation between blood and brain cells, hindering the entry of substances into the brain.

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain responsible for various functions like thought, judgment, memory, and sensory processing.

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Gyri and Sulci

Folds and grooves on the surface of the cerebrum, respectively, aiding in increasing surface area for nerve cells.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Fluid circulating in the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and protection.

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Thalamus

Acts as a triage center, processing and relaying sensory information to the cerebral cortex.

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Medulla Oblongata

Part of the brainstem controlling vital functions like respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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Cerebellum

Coordinates voluntary movements and maintains balance and posture.

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Meninges

Three layers of connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord for protection.

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Astrocyte

Glial cell involved in regulating the movement of harmful substances from blood to nerve cells in the brain.

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Axon

Microscopic fiber in neurons carrying nerve impulses along the nerve cell.

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Neurotransmitter

Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell, stimulating or inhibiting another cell like a nerve, muscle, or gland cell.

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Oligodendroglial cell

Glial cell forming the myelin sheath around axons, also known as oligodendrocyte.

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Parasympathetic nerves

Involuntary autonomic nerves regulating body functions like heart rate, breathing, and gastrointestinal muscles.

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Peripheral nervous system

Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, including cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves.

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Pia mater

Thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges.

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Plexus

Large network of interlacing nerves like lumbosacral, cervical, and brachial plexuses.

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Pons

Brain part connecting various areas, located between the medulla and midbrain.

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Sciatic nerve

Nerve running from the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot, associated with sciatica.

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Sensory nerve

Carries messages to the brain and spinal cord from receptors; afferent nerve.

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Spinal nerves

Nerve pairs on each side of the spinal column, transmitting messages to and from the spinal cord.

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Stimulus

Agent causing change in internal or external environment, evoking a response.

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Stroma

Connective and supporting tissue of an organ, like glial cells in brain stromal tissue.

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Sulcus

Depression or groove in the cerebral cortex surface; fissure.

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Sympathetic nerves

Autonomic nerves influencing bodily functions involuntarily, especially in stress.

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Synapse

Space where nervous impulses travel between nerve cells or nerve/muscle/glandular cells.

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Thalamus

Main relay center in the brain, conducting impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum.

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Vagus nerve

Tenth cranial nerve reaching larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach.

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Ventricles of the brain

Canals in the brain containing cerebrospinal fluid.