schm final auburn

steven adams concepts of science class fall2023 everything came straight from study guide

scientific method

observation

identify patterns

develop hypothesis (must be quantitative and qualitative)

predict and test

psuedoscience

false info posed as true and scientific

ex: flat earth

newtons first law

object in motion stays in motion until stopped

aka inertia

newtons third law

to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

newtons second law

𝛴F = ma
distance = amount of force

kinetic energy

force of motion

KE = ½ mv²

potential energy

stored energy

gravitational potential energy

potential energy stored in objects above ground and in gravitational field

mass x acceleration x height = GPE

law of conservation of energy

energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can change forms

conduction of heat

occurs through physical contact
ex: picking up hot pan

convection of heat

temp. gradient

ex: boiling water - hot water at bottom moves up in pot and some of its energy is transferred to cooler water on way up

radiation

electromagnetic waves

ex: sun

2nd law of thermodynamics

heat doesnt randomly flow from one body to another

during conversions some amount of energy is always lost

every isolated system becomes more disordered with time

protons have a ____ charge

positive

electrons have a ____ charge

negative

coulombs law

force of attraction/ repulsion

4 things to know about charges

1. there are two forms

2. they attract/ repel each other

3. they can (and do) move

4. they produce electrical fields

Charges by induction

non-contact charges

charges by contact

physical contact resulting in charges

Magnetism

has two poles - N and S

like poles attract, opposites repel

field lines always circle back into center

Differences btwn magnetism and electrical charges

electrical charges are always found in isolation - magnets are dipoles so never in isolation

both produce fields but only magnetic circles back

T/F Earth’s magnetic poles are swapped

T - south pole is magnetically the north pole and vice versa

switches every few thousand years

electrical currents produce _____

magnetic fields

wave

transfer of energy without transfer of matter

electromagnetic waves (EM waves)

oscillating (moving/vibrating) electrical field + oscillating magnetic field

electromagnetic spectrum

frequency increasing from left to right:

radio - microwave - infrared - visible - ultraviolet - X ray - gamma ray

frequency increases from left to right therefore _____ does too

energy

protons and neutrons have same ____ which is 1800x ____ than electrons

mass, larger

majority of an atoms mass is in the ____

nucleus (where protons and neutrons reside)

electron cloud

where electrons reside

energy shells

exist within electron shells - holds specific amount of energy and therefore specific amounts of electrons

valence shell

outermost electron shell of any atom

strong force

force that keeps the positive protons from repelling each other in nucleus

acts over small distances

not electric

associated with some form of energy

covalent bond

formed btwn two nonmetals

ionic bond

ions (charged atoms) bonded by charges

forms btwn metals and nonmetals

metallic bond

formed btwn two metals

hydrogen bond

when hydrogen bonds with something and it ends up having polar charges - positive and negative

ex: water

Alpha decay

occurs when coulombs repulsion overcomes strong force

element loses 2 protons becoming different element

beta decay

gains one proton

neutron becomes proton in nucleus

gamma radiation

photon (particle of light) - produces high energy radiation waves

doesnt change the element

fission

atom splits apart

fusion

atoms fuses together

nebular hypothesis

ball of gas - collapsed under own gravity - angular momentum (spinning) - accumulation of material - earth was formed

Rocky planets

formed in warmer interior

gaseous planets

formed in colder exterior

solar system structure

rocky planets - asteroid belt - gaseous planets - Kuiper belt

heavy bombardment period

part of earths formation where there was constant collisons

accretion

slow accumulation of material

differentiation

when earth was molten and heavier metals sank to middle of earth

moon formation

piece of earth broke off in collision - accretion

earth inner core

mostly Ni and Fe - solid and extremely hot

earth outer core

mostly Ni and Fe - liquid and hot

lithoshpere

hard cool surface of earth

athenosphere

soft malleable rock under lithoshere

tectonic plate

lithosphere broken into pieces that move around

convergent tectonic boundary

two plates colliding together

If water is involved there will be volcano bc of organic material

Ocean - ocean

Ocean - continent

Land - continent

divergent tectonic boundary

plates move away from each other due to convection

mid atlantic ridge

transform plate boundary

plates move laterally

san andreas fault line

mantle convection

the convection of earths mantle (soft core) moves tectonic plates

3 water reservoirs

ocean

underground springs - aquafers

glaciers

water cycle

moves through all three reservoirs by changing state of matter (solid, liquid, gas)

sublimation

process where solid becomes gas without becoming liquid first

igneous rock

when molten magna cools

quickly - extrusive

slowly - intrusive

sedimentary rock

formed under water when layers of sediment fuse together - often contains fossils

metamorphic rock

when sedimentary rock exposed to extreme heat

organism

simplest form of life

population

total amount of same organism in area

community

collective populations

ecosystem

all communities + surroundings

biome

several ecosystems

biosphere

all biomes on earth

T/F ecosystem includes non living things too

true

law of unintended consequences

when one change in environment affects everything (normally negative effects)

4 ex of law of unintended consequences

urban landfill

acid rain

ozone depletion

greenhouse effect

characteristics of living things

maintain high degree of order

part of larger system of energy

depends on chemical reactions in cells

requires liquid water

grow and develop

regulate use of energy and respond to environment

share same genetic code, passed from parent to offspring

descended from common a common ancestor

plant strategies of life

photosynthesis for energy

roots for stability

different plants can reproduce sexually or asexually

animal strategies of life

invertabrate - exoskeleten

warm vs cold blooded

fish - external fertilization

reptiles and birds - internal fertilization

mammals - internal fertilization and live birth

fungi strategies of life

asexual reproduction - spores or broken off pieces form new organism

cell membrane

protects cell from environment

receptors

on membrane - hydrogen bonds with molecules

vesicle

when molecule receptor is bonded to is snipped off and brought into cell

metabolism

deriving energy from environment - ATP

glycolysis

series of processes where oxidation of glucose produces ATP + NADH (energy)

fermentation

making energy without oxygen (processes glucose without oxygen) not efficient

mitosis

produces identical cells

meiosis

produces sex cells - chromosomes

mendel experiments

pea plants - found that characteristics are passed from parent to offspring - genes

DNA

contains genetic info - double helix and twists bc of base formation

nucleotide

made up of phosphate, sugar, and base - building blocks for DNA

RNA

single strand of DNA - plays role in DNA replication

mRNA

messenger RNA, transcribes info in DNA replication

tRNA

transfer RNA, pieces the DNA strands together in DNA replication

rRNA

ribosomal RNA, responsible for specific genes (eye color)

genetic code

RNA process when producing DNA and genes

all organisms use same genetic code but different results bc of different genes

genomes

complete set of chromosomes