Studied by 20 people
steven adams concepts of science class fall2023 everything came straight from study guide
scientific method
observation
identify patterns
develop hypothesis (must be quantitative and qualitative)
predict and test
psuedoscience
false info posed as true and scientific
ex: flat earth
newtons first law
object in motion stays in motion until stopped
aka inertia
newtons third law
to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
newtons second law
š“F = ma
distance = amount of force
kinetic energy
force of motion
KE = Ā½ mvĀ²
potential energy
stored energy
gravitational potential energy
potential energy stored in objects above ground and in gravitational field
mass x acceleration x height = GPE
law of conservation of energy
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can change forms
conduction of heat
occurs through physical contact
ex: picking up hot pan
convection of heat
temp. gradient
ex: boiling water - hot water at bottom moves up in pot and some of its energy is transferred to cooler water on way up
radiation
electromagnetic waves
ex: sun
2nd law of thermodynamics
heat doesnt randomly flow from one body to another
during conversions some amount of energy is always lost
every isolated system becomes more disordered with time
protons have a ____ charge
positive
electrons have a ____ charge
negative
coulombs law
force of attraction/ repulsion
4 things to know about charges
there are two forms
they attract/ repel each other
they can (and do) move
they produce electrical fields
Charges by induction
non-contact charges
charges by contact
physical contact resulting in charges
Magnetism
has two poles - N and S
like poles attract, opposites repel
field lines always circle back into center
Differences btwn magnetism and electrical charges
electrical charges are always found in isolation - magnets are dipoles so never in isolation
both produce fields but only magnetic circles back
T/F Earthās magnetic poles are swapped
T - south pole is magnetically the north pole and vice versa
switches every few thousand years
electrical currents produce _____
magnetic fields
wave
transfer of energy without transfer of matter
electromagnetic waves (EM waves)
oscillating (moving/vibrating) electrical field + oscillating magnetic field
electromagnetic spectrum
frequency increasing from left to right:
radio - microwave - infrared - visible - ultraviolet - X ray - gamma ray
frequency increases from left to right therefore _____ does too
energy
protons and neutrons have same ____ which is 1800x ____ than electrons
mass, larger
majority of an atoms mass is in the ____
nucleus (where protons and neutrons reside)
electron cloud
where electrons reside
energy shells
exist within electron shells - holds specific amount of energy and therefore specific amounts of electrons
valence shell
outermost electron shell of any atom
strong force
force that keeps the positive protons from repelling each other in nucleus
acts over small distances
not electric
associated with some form of energy
covalent bond
formed btwn two nonmetals
ionic bond
ions (charged atoms) bonded by charges
forms btwn metals and nonmetals
metallic bond
formed btwn two metals
hydrogen bond
when hydrogen bonds with something and it ends up having polar charges - positive and negative
ex: water
Alpha decay
occurs when coulombs repulsion overcomes strong force
element loses 2 protons becoming different element
beta decay
gains one proton
neutron becomes proton in nucleus
gamma radiation
photon (particle of light) - produces high energy radiation waves
doesnt change the element
fission
atom splits apart
fusion
atoms fuses together
nebular hypothesis
ball of gas - collapsed under own gravity - angular momentum (spinning) - accumulation of material - earth was formed
Rocky planets
formed in warmer interior
gaseous planets
formed in colder exterior
solar system structure
rocky planets - asteroid belt - gaseous planets - Kuiper belt
heavy bombardment period
part of earths formation where there was constant collisons
accretion
slow accumulation of material
differentiation
when earth was molten and heavier metals sank to middle of earth
moon formation
piece of earth broke off in collision - accretion
earth inner core
mostly Ni and Fe - solid and extremely hot
earth outer core
mostly Ni and Fe - liquid and hot
lithoshpere
hard cool surface of earth
athenosphere
soft malleable rock under lithoshere
tectonic plate
lithosphere broken into pieces that move around
convergent tectonic boundary
two plates colliding together
If water is involved there will be volcano bc of organic material
Ocean - ocean
Ocean - continent
Land - continent
divergent tectonic boundary
plates move away from each other due to convection
mid atlantic ridge
transform plate boundary
plates move laterally
san andreas fault line
mantle convection
the convection of earths mantle (soft core) moves tectonic plates
3 water reservoirs
ocean
underground springs - aquafers
glaciers
water cycle
moves through all three reservoirs by changing state of matter (solid, liquid, gas)
sublimation
process where solid becomes gas without becoming liquid first
igneous rock
when molten magna cools
quickly - extrusive
slowly - intrusive
sedimentary rock
formed under water when layers of sediment fuse together - often contains fossils
metamorphic rock
when sedimentary rock exposed to extreme heat
organism
simplest form of life
population
total amount of same organism in area
community
collective populations
ecosystem
all communities + surroundings
biome
several ecosystems
biosphere
all biomes on earth
T/F ecosystem includes non living things too
true
law of unintended consequences
when one change in environment affects everything (normally negative effects)
4 ex of law of unintended consequences
urban landfill
acid rain
ozone depletion
greenhouse effect
characteristics of living things
maintain high degree of order
part of larger system of energy
depends on chemical reactions in cells
requires liquid water
grow and develop
regulate use of energy and respond to environment
share same genetic code, passed from parent to offspring
descended from common a common ancestor
plant strategies of life
photosynthesis for energy
roots for stability
different plants can reproduce sexually or asexually
animal strategies of life
invertabrate - exoskeleten
warm vs cold blooded
fish - external fertilization
reptiles and birds - internal fertilization
mammals - internal fertilization and live birth
fungi strategies of life
asexual reproduction - spores or broken off pieces form new organism
cell membrane
protects cell from environment
receptors
on membrane - hydrogen bonds with molecules
vesicle
when molecule receptor is bonded to is snipped off and brought into cell
metabolism
deriving energy from environment - ATP
glycolysis
series of processes where oxidation of glucose produces ATP + NADH (energy)
fermentation
making energy without oxygen (processes glucose without oxygen) not efficient
mitosis
produces identical cells
meiosis
produces sex cells - chromosomes
mendel experiments
pea plants - found that characteristics are passed from parent to offspring - genes
DNA
contains genetic info - double helix and twists bc of base formation
nucleotide
made up of phosphate, sugar, and base - building blocks for DNA
RNA
single strand of DNA - plays role in DNA replication
mRNA
messenger RNA, transcribes info in DNA replication
tRNA
transfer RNA, pieces the DNA strands together in DNA replication
rRNA
ribosomal RNA, responsible for specific genes (eye color)
genetic code
RNA process when producing DNA and genes
all organisms use same genetic code but different results bc of different genes
genomes
complete set of chromosomes
Note
Flashcard