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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.

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APUSH UNIT 3

by 1750 Britain and France had become serious rivals
- both nations used mercantilism to expand colonial claims in order to increase their wealth
- extension of 7 year war
- land disputes along the Ohio River Valley led to the French and Indian War
- French increased their alliances with Native Americans along valley
- British colonists spread into the backcountry and across the App Mountains led to numerous Indian conflicts

The French and Indian War

British and American colonist vs. French and Native Americans
- French had: Canada, Miss River Valley, and LA
- English had Atlantic coast
most famous battle of the war was the French victory Fort William Henry in 1757 (New York)
- french laid siege to the Fort
England knew that war might be inevitable and suggested the colonies form an alliance with the Iroquois and unite for their own protection
- in June 1754 delegates of the northern colonies and representatives of the Six Iroquois Nations met in Albany, NY
- Pennsylvania delegate Ben Franklin drafted the Albany Plan of Union
  - plan failed because alliance was rejected by Iroquois and by Brits because they would lose power over colonies
Treaty of Paris 1763 ends French and Indian War
- Brits gained control of the area west of the 13 Colonies to the Mississippi River
- French gave up all colonies in North America including Canada
- Brits made Spanish give up Florida because they had sided with the French
Lasting Effects
- war ended French presence in NA
- england had NA on lock down, strengthened its hold on the continent
- relationships between English and Native Americans got worse
- war plays a major role in straining the relationship between England and its colonies which would lead to Revolutionary War
Proclamation of 1763 - restricted settlement to the east of a line drawn at the App Mountains; also sought to stop the exploitative sale of Indian land; purpose was to prevent further Indian frontier warfare after Pontiac’s Rebellion

Spark of The American Revolution

Navigation Acts 1660 - prohibited the importing into or the exporting from the British colonies of any goods except for English
Albany Plan of Union 1754 - to place British NA colonies under a more centralized government
- never carried out, but it united colonies against government
Writs of Assistance - legal document that serves as a general search warrant to all British officers; wanted to crack down on smuggling

Britain’s New Policy for Colonial America

Goals:
- place the colonies under strict British political and economic control
- make the colonies respect and obey British laws
- make the colonies pay their part in maintaining the British Empire
Sugar Act of 1764 - tax on foreign refined sugar and increased taxes on coffee, indigo, and some wine
Quartering Act 1765 - required colonists to provide basic needs of British soldiers; purpose to keep troops in the colonies and reduce the cost
Stamp Act 1765 - put taxes on all printed materials like paper, newspapers, licenses, and playing cards
Sons of Liberty - secret organization of American colonists formed initially to protest the Stamp act, motto of “no taxation without representation”
Declaratory Act 1766 - one in a series of resolutions passed attempting to regulate the behavior of the colonies; Parliament had the right to make laws for colonies and they had to follow them
Townshend Acts 1767 - taxes on paint, glass, lead, paper, and tea; money used to pay salaries of British officials in the colonies, but colonists boycotted taxed items
Boston Massacre - March 5th 1770, five colonists were killed by British soldiers following a protest in Boston in which a group of colonists threw snowballs and harassed the soldiers
- British fired into a crowd that was threatening them
- fueled colonists to fight back
Committees of Correspondence
- spy network by Samuel Adams
Tea Act 1773 - repeal all of Townshend except the Tea Act due to pressure from the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies, undermining colonial tea merchants by only allowing them to sell Brit EIC tea
Intolerable Acts 1774 - series of British measures designed to punish MA colonists for Boston Tea Party
- port of Boston closed until colonists paid for tea
- brought British soldiers to England for trials
- no town meetings allowed in MA
- Boston became under military rule
- Quebec Act - restored French common law and moved the southern boundary of Quebec to Ohio River
- Currency Act - prohibited issuing of paper currency
Delegates from 12 colonies (except Georgia) met to discuss the situation with Britain in 1774; became known as “First Continental Congress” to convince Parliament to repeal the Intolerable Acts
Revolution inspired by Enlightenment ideas of Montesque, John Locke, and Thomas Paine
- Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense had tremendous impact on Americans
Colonists’ grievances against Great Britain and King George III
- American colonists were unhappy with British rule for a number of reasons:
  - parliament passed laws that colonists considered unjust
  - colonists had no direct representation in Parliament
  - colonists were unable to sell products to any country except Britain
  - to force colonists to buy English products, Parliament placed high taxes on French and Dutch goods
Battle of Lexington and Concord
- 1775 Brit General Thomas Gage send 700 soldiers to destroy ammo the colonists had stored in Concord, just outside of Boston
- Brits suffered extensive loss
Bunker Hill
- 1776 American forces fortified Breed’s Hill overlooking Boston Harbor threatening Brit control of the city
- Brits attacked and seized hill, but suffered 40% casualties
Second Continental Congress
- Philly 1775 MA appealed for help - delegates decide to resist Brits
- formed Continental Army w/ Washington as leader
- issued call to colonies to raise troops and money for effort
- at the same time sent “Olive Branch” petition to king, hoping to avert war
  - George III rejected Olive Branch and declared colonies in rebellion
  - sent more troops
- colonists pushed closer to independence
Declaration of Independence
- written primarily by Thomas Jefferson and approved by the Second Continental Congress
- four major components
  - new nation’s ideals about equality and rights
  - list of alleged abuses by King George III
  - description of attempts by the colonies to solve these problems before resorting to declaring independence
  - actual declaration by the signers that the colonies would be free and independent states from then
Differing Military Strategies
- Americans - outlast the Brits
  - defend colonial lands and drag out war
  - guerilla tactics
  - make an ally with France
- British - divide and conquer
  - use Loyalists, seize property, encourage slave revolts
  - split the Northern and Southern colonies
  - Blockade port and prevent trade
Battle of Saratoga
- battle was turning point in the North
- American forces stopped Burgoyne, ending Britain’s campaign to cut off New England
- helped convince France to join America against Britain
Battle of Yorktown
- Washington vs. Cornwallis
- Cornwallis marched to Yorktown to wait for resupply from Brit navy
- Washington rushed his army south to lay siege to Brits
- French navy captured the coast at Yorktown, preventing Cornwallis to resupply
Treaty of Paris 1783 ended American Revolution and gave America freedom and territory

Impact of War on Society

ideals of equality and freedom became more popular, but not for women, blacks, and loyalists
impact of war on women:
- took care of farms and businesses
- felt more empowered and pushed for more equality
- Abigail Adams - wife of future President John Adams asked him to “remember the ladies” during the revolution
African Americans called out hypocrisy because America is keeping slavery
Loyalists were discriminated against and most left America for Canada or Britain

New Political Ideas

America created a republic, where power came from people through elections
many states created written constitutions that included branches of gov’t and lists of rights
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom - first law that separated church and state gov’t and allowed religious freedom
many states created written constitutions that included branches of gov’t and lists of rights
- legislative powers to 2 house legislature
- executive power to gov’t
- judicial power to the courts

Articles of Confederation

created during American Revolution 1777
one branch of gov’t, the legislative branch
unicameral, one house, and each state had one representative
laws and amendments were almost impossible to pass
Strengths: fed gov’t had power to declare war and raise an army, congress could control the western territories; banned slavery in Northwest
- Land Ordinance 1785
- Northwest Ordinance 1787
Weaknesses: weak federal gov’t, no power to regulate trade or print money, no power to tax

Shays Rebellion

farmers wanted lower taxes and an end to farm foreclosures and attacked courts
Daniel shays led 1,000s of farmers with stolen weapons to rebel
MA gov’t couldn’t collect a militia and exposed weakness of the AoC
Philadelphia Convention and replaced AoC with Articles with the Constitution

Major Framers of the Constitution

Framer - Washington
Madison and Hamilton wrote Constitution and Bill of Rights
- Hamilton pushed hardest for creating a stronger federal government
Roger Sherman - came up with the Great Compromise

Principles of Constitution

popular sovereignty - means that the people rule, and power comes from them
republicanism - people use popular sovereignty by electing officials who represent them in gov’t
separation of powers - gov’t is separated into 3 branches, the legislative, executive, and judicial
checks and balances - branches of gov’t limit each others’ power through veto, impeachment, judicial review, etc.
limited gov’t - Constitution lists certain powers and limitations for gov’t
individual rights - Constitution lists freedoms of people
federalism - gov’t is divided into a federal and state level; causes tension and disagreement over who has more power
Conflicts and Compromise over Constitution:
- Virginia Plan - called for state representation in Congress based on population; favored larger states
- New Jersey Plan - called for state representation in Congress to be equal for all states; favored smaller states
- Great Compromise - plan created a bicameral (2 house) legislature
  - House of Representatives - representation based on state populations
  - Senate - each state had 2 representatives\
- Representation of Slaves in population of House of Representatives
  - 3/5 compromise - slaves would count as 3/5ths of a person for representation
delegates announced 9 of 13 states had to agree to new Constitution for it to be put into place
Federalists - supported Constitution as it was; from North; urban, wealthy, businessmen; wanted strong federal gov’t, weak states; wanted loose interpretation; no need for Bill of Rights
- advantages - stronger leaders, better organized, published The Federalist Papers
- Federalist No. 10 - said a large republic was the best form of gov’t, used elected representatives to make laws
Anti-Federalists - opposed Constitution; from South and West; rural, less wealthy, farmers; weak federal gov’t, strong states; wanted strict interpretation; demanded Bill of Rights
America became economically stable but politically divided under Washington, and it faced foreign policy challenges

Congress’s First Actions

Cabinet - advisors to assist president
- secretary of state - Jefferson
- secretary of treasury - Hamilton
- secretary of war -
- attorney general -
Judiciary Act of 1789 - created federal court system, est. district courts, appeals courts, Supreme Court
Madison wrote first 10 amendments of Bill of Rights
Hamilton’s financial plan:
- tariffs and excised tax
- pay back war bonds
- assumption of state debts
- bank of the United States
Whiskey Rebellion 1794 - confirms constitution and federal power

Foreign Policy Issues

French Revolution
- France declared war on Britain
- America trades with Britain and France
Political Reactions:
- Federalists supported Britain due to their strong central gov’t
- Democratic-Republicans supported France due to their weak central gov’t
Proclamation of Neutrality 1793
- Washington declares to stay out of it
- Genet makes a plea to general American public
European Responses:
- Britain - impressment, captured American trade ships and kidnapped sailors
  - also used their forts in western America to give Indians weapons to attack settlers with
  - Washington sent John Jay to Britain to avoid war
- Jay’s Treaty
  - Britain could continue impressment
  - Britain agreed to give up forts in America (didn’t happen)
  - Britain gave America “most favored nation” trading status - low tariffs
  - Americans were furious with the terms
  - France and Spain worried that America was getting closer to Britain
- Pinckney’s Treaty
  - settled boundary between American and Spanish Florida
  - Spain let America use Mississippi River and New Orleans for trade
  - relationship between Spain and America improved
  - Americans were happy due to new land and trade

Washington’s Farewell Address

1. Danger of Sectionalism
2. Danger of Political Parties
3. Danger of Foreign Alliances

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Teres Major Syndrome

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Chapter 10: Non-Essential & Essential Clause

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.

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