Unit 1+2 Euro Test Terms

anticlericalism

opposition to the clergy

indulgence

a document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

protestant

the name originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-catholic western christian groups

spanish armada

the fleet sent by philip II of spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against protestantism. weather and the english fleet defeated it

the institutes of the christian religion

calvin’s formulation of christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for protestantism

predestination

the teaching that god has determined the salvation or domination of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

holy office

the official roman catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy

jesuits

members of the society of jesus, founded by ignatius loyola, whose goal was the spread of the roman catholic faith

huguenots

french calvinists

politiques

catholic and protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save france from total collapse

edict of nantes

a document issued by henry iv of france in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to calvinists, which helped restore peace in france

union of utrecht

the alliance of seven northern provinces (led by holland) that declared its independence from spain and formed the united provinces of the netherlands

Renaissance

a French word meaning “rebirth”, used to describe the rebirth of culture of classical antiquity in Italy during the 14th-16th centuries

Patronage

Financial support of writers and artists by cities, groups, and individuals, often to produce specific works or works in specific styles

Communes

Sworn associations of free men in Italian cities led by merchant guilds that sought political and economic independence from local nobles

Popolo

disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power

Signori

government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan; also refers to these rulers

Courts

magnificent households and palaces where signori and other rulers live, conducted business, and supported the arts

Humanism

a program of study designed by Italians that emphasized the study of Latin and Greek literature with the goal of understanding human nature

Virtu

the quality of being able to shape the world according to one’s own will

Christian humanists

northern humanists who interpreted Italian ideas about and attitudes toward classical antiquity and humanism in terms of their religious traditions

Debate about women

debate among writers and thinkers in the Renaissance about women’s qualities and proper role in society

New Christians

a term for Jews and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula who accepted Christianity, they included Christian families that converted centuries earlier

Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples

5 powers of Italy

great famine

a terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of europe after a period of climate change

black death

plague that first struck Europe in 1347 and killed perhaps one-third of the population

flagellants

people who believed that the plague was god’s punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves

hundred years war

a war between england and france from 1337 to 1453 with political and economic causes and consequences

representative assemblies

deliberative meetings of lords and wealthy urban residents that flourished in many european countries between 1250 and 1450

babylonian captivity

the period from 1309 to 1376 when the popes resided in avignon rather than in rome. the phrase refers to the seventy years when the hebrews were held captive in babylon

great schism

the division or split in church leadership from 1378 to 1417 when there were two then three popes

conciliarists

people who believed that the authority in the roman church should rest in a general council composed of clergy, theologians, and laypeople rather than in the pope

confraternities

voluntary lay groups organized by occupation, devotional preference, neighborhood, or charitable society

jacquerie

a massive uprising by french peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation

english peasant’s revolt

revolt by english peasants in 1381 in response to changing economic conditions

statute of kilkenny

law issued in 1336 that discriminated against the irish, forbidding marriage between the english and the irish, requiring the use of the english language, and denying the irish access to ecclesiastical offices

The Decameron

describes the course of the plague in florence and identifies how the disease was passed from each person

Giovanni Boccaccio

wrote decameron

little ice age

when europe’s climate became colder and wetter and this occured between the years 1300 and 1450

the dance of death

a literary and artistic idea that portrayed a dancing skeleton leading people away in order of their rank

Agincourt

where king henry V’s army defeated a large french army by using longbows

dauphin

heir to french throne, mainly refer to the eldest son of the king

avignon

where pope clement V settled permanently. afterwards, the popes lived here from 1309-1376

john wycliff

believed scriptures should be translated into english (vernacular)

vernacular

refers to local language that people spoke instead of latin

dante’s divine comedy

en epic poem with one hundred verses that describe the realms of the next world (hell, purgatory, heaven), finished in 1321

Chaucer’s canterbury tales

a collection of stories in a lengthy narrative that reflects the cultural tension of the time (written in 1387)

peasants, great famine

____ lost their land and migrated to towns after ______

england, hundred years war

_____ did not become more united after the _______

root cause of urban unrest in 14th century

was conflict between priveleged members of guild and the urban poor